On January 24, 1848, a week before the court-martial verdict, gold was discovered at a sawmill owned by John A. Sutter on the South Fork of the American River. The man who first saw the gleam in the millrace was James Marshall, the eccentric New Jersey wheelwright who had ridden with Frmont, Segundai, Gillespie, and Kit Carson into Sonoma after the skirmish at Olmpali.
On February 2, 1848, two days after the verdict, the war officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The pen strokes made just outside its capital city divested Mexico of forty percent of its territory. Five hundred and thirty thousand square miles, including all of present-day New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and California, plus parts of Colorado, Idaho, and Wyoming, were ceded to the United States, with the Rio Grande established as the boundary between the two nations.
In return, President Polk agreed to pay $3.25 million in indemnities owed by Mexico, plus $12 million for its annexed lands north of the river.
The 1846 settlement with England had already added lands that became known as Washington and Oregon, and most of Idaho, to the Union.
Between the Mexican War and the Oregon settlement, the United States nearly doubled in size, adding 1,200,000 square miles of territory, with the country now stretching from sea to shining sea.
Following the Frmont trial, Stephen Watts Kearny joined Winfield Scotts army of occupation in Mexico and served briefly as military commander at Vera Cruz. He contracted yellow fever and came home an invalid in July, 1848. That month he was nominated by the army for promotion to major general for gallant conduct at San Pascual and for meritorious conduct in California and New Mexico. Senator Thomas Hart Benton filibustered in the Senate for thirteen days against the promotion, repeating most of the testimony against Kearny that had emerged in the court-martial. After the conspiracy of Catiline, Cicero had a theme for his life; since this conspiracy against Frmont, and these rewards and honors lavished upon all that plotted against his life and character, I have also a theme for my life. This ludicrous overshooting of the mark, as H. H. Bancroft said of the tirade, had no effect. Kearny won the major generalcy but did not live to enjoy its benefits. He died in St. Louis on October 31, 1848, of the effects of the fever he had contracted in Mexico.
James Knox Polk accomplished all he had set out to do in his presidency, from the annexation of Texas to the settlement of the Oregon question to the extension of the Union to the Pacific. He had announced early his intention to retire at the end of a single term and happily turned the presidency over to Zachary Taylor on March 5, 1849. In his diary, Polk wrote, I am sure I shall be a happier man in my retirement than I have been during the four years I have filled the highest office in the gift of my countrymen. He enjoyedhis retirement for only three months. After the inauguration of his successor, he took a month-long summer tour along the Atlantic seaboard and the gulf states and spent his final weeks working on his papers at his home in Nashville. He had fallen ill during his tour, possibly from a cholera outbreak in New Orleans. On June 15, 1849, he died at age fifty-three.
Both Senator Benton and Thomas O. Larkin, the latter the consul at Monterey and confidential agent during the conquest of California, died in 1858.
General Jos Castro returned to Californian in 1848 and lived as a private citizen in Monterey until 1853, when he was appointed military chief and jefe poltico along the border of Baja California and American California. In 1860, he was killed, Bancroft says, in a drunken brawlor, as some say, assassinated.
Robert Field Stockton resigned from the navy in 1850 and served in the United States Senate, representing his home state of New Jersey from 1851 to 1853, during which time he introduced a successful bill to abolish flogging as a punishment in the navy. In 1861, he served in a peace commission promoted by former President John Tyler in an effort to avert the impending Civil War, then became president of the Delaware and Raritan Canal Company. He devoted his retirement years to importing race horses from England. He died at Princeton on October 7, 1866.
Jos Mara Flores, who directed the last Californio resistance against the Americans, remained in Mexico after the war and rose to a generalcy in the Mexican army. He died in 1866.
John Drake Sloat died in New York in 1867. He was the original conqueror of California who raised the American flag at Monterey on July 7, 1846, and served as Stocktons predecessor as commander of the Pacif Squadron.
Christopher Houston Kit Carson returned to New Mexico in 1849, often leaving his beloved Josefa to serve as a military scout and guide in Apache country. In 1861, he reentered the army as a colonel of the First New Mexico Volunteer Regiment and saw actionon February 21, 1862, at the Battle of Valverde on the Rio Grande, after which he received the brevet rank of brigadier general. He was then ordered to western New Mexico and Arizona to war against the Navajo, one of the tribes terrorizing New Mexican settlers. With a force of four hundred men, he led a scorched-earth campaign, burning villages and crops, killing cattle, driving the Indians to starvation, and in the summer of 1864, he invaded their stronghold in the Canyon de Chelly in northeastern Arizona. There he forced the surrender of some eight thousand Navajos who were subsequently marched to Fort Sumner, New Mexico, for internment.
Carsons last Indian campaign took place in November, 1864, when he led an expedition of 335 men and seventy-five Ute and Apache scouts against marauding Kiowas and Comanches on the Canadian River in the Texas Panhandle.
A colonel in the regular army after the Indian wars, Carson took command at Fort Garland, Colorado Territory, in July, 1866, and was released from military service the next year.
Now, at age fifty-eight and after forty-two years of strenuous living, his health began to fail. He suffered from chronic bronchitis, noticed a weakening of his legs, and had persistent neck and chest pains that seemed to signal a faltering heart. With Josefa and their six children, he settled at Boggsville, near present-day Las Animas, Colorado. There a physician visited him and diagnosed an aneurysm of the aorta so large it was destined to be fatal.
Despite his weakened state and Josefas nearing delivery of their seventh child, he made a last journey in February, 1868. As superintendent of Indian Affairs for Colorado Territory, he led a delegation of Utes to Washington to press for a treaty guaranteeing the tribe exclusive hunting rights to lands on the Western Slope. In the capital, he met his old comrade, John C. Frmont, who was so distressed at his friends haggard appearance and obvious suffering that he called upon some eminent doctors to examine the frail scout. The aneurysm diagnosis was confirmed.
Carson returned home in April to the great tragedy of his life. On April 13, his wife gave birth to their seventh child, a daughter, and ten days later, Josefa Jaramillo Carson died.
He lasted a month after that. He was moved to Fort Lyon, Colorado, where, at his insistence, he slept on the floor of the post surgeons quarters under a big buffalo robe. He made his will, leaving his estate to the care and benefit of his children, and on the afternoon of May 23, 1868, he called out, Doctor, compadre adios. Blood gushed from his mouth as the aneurysm burst and he died.