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Gary A. Donaldson - The First Modern Campaign: Kennedy, Nixon, and the Election of 1960

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Gary A. Donaldson The First Modern Campaign: Kennedy, Nixon, and the Election of 1960
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The presidential campaign that pitted Richard M. Nixon against John F. Kennedy was the most significant political campaign since World War II. With Eisenhowers tenure at an end, American society broke with the culture of the war years. This social shift was reflected in and provoked by new trends in American political life and political campaigning, all of which made 1960 a landmark year in American politics.
In this engaging book, Gary A. Donaldson tells the story of Kennedy versus Nixon with a sharp eye for the salient political developments and a keen sense of the drama of an election that was unlike any other the nation had experienced. The election of 1960 was also an orchestrated political drama, organized as a sweeping campaign from coast to coast and staged for a national television audience. This made it the first modern campaign in which the television media changed the dynamics of presidential politics and in which photographs, charisma, and direct appeals to voters counted as they had never done before. It was also an election of intense personal rivalry made all the more spirited by the prejudice against Kennedys Catholicism and his intention to widen the American political arena.
Ideological shifts within the parties as they combined with innovations in campaigning would mark a clear divide in politics as it was practiced and politics as it would have to be practiced in the future. Yet not since Theodore Whites journalistic account, The Making of the President, has attention been paid to the full 1960 campaign as it played out in the early primaries and then culminated in the November election. Donaldson shows why the whole political season is critical to understanding American politics today.
The First Modern Campaign is essential and engaging reading for anyone interested in contemporary politics in the United States.

Gary A. Donaldson: author's other books


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Table of Contents About the Author Gary A Donaldson holds the Keller - photo 1
Table of Contents

About the Author

Gary A. Donaldson holds the Keller Foundation Chair in American History at Xavier University in New Orleans, where he teaches twentieth-century U.S. History. His publications include Dewey Defeats Truman: The Presidential Campaign of 1948; Liberalisms Last Hurrah: The Presidential Campaign of 1964; American Foreign Policy: The Twentieth Century in Documents; and Modern America: A Documentary History of the Nation since1945. He is also the universitys director of undergraduate research.

Endnotes
Preface

Perhaps the best example is Zachary Karabel, The Last Campaign: How Harry Truman Won the 1948 Election (New York, 2001).

See particularly, Joyce Hoffmann, Theodore H. White and Journalism as Illusion (Columbia, MO, 1995).

It was White who interviewed Jackie just weeks after the Kennedy assassination and, in a Life article, invented the image of the Kennedy presidency as Camelot after the popular musical stage play then on Broadway. Theodore H. White, For President Kennedy: An Epilogue, Life, Dec. 6, 1963, 158-60.

Chapter One

Karl Hess, In a Cause That Will Triumph: The Goldwater Campaign and the Future of Conservatism (New York, 1967),6.

M. Stanton Evans, The Future of Conservatism: From Taft to Reagan and Beyond (New York, 1968), 223.

Newsweek, Nov. 18, 1946.

U.S. News, Nov. 15, 1946.

Paul Walter to Taft (July 30, 1947) two letters, Political Files, Robert Taft Papers, LC; Taft Story, (n.d.), campaign pamphlet; and Bill McAdams to Clarence Brown, Confidential Memo, titled Outline of Public Relations and Publicity Program (n.d., fall 1947?), both in Political Files, Robert Taft Papers, LC. See also, James T. Patterson, Mr. Republican: A Biography of Robert A. Taft (Boston, 1972), 396-99; and Gary Donaldson, Truman Defeats Dewey (Lexington, KY, 1999), 129.

Quoted in Gary Reichard, Politics as Usual: The Age of Truman and Eisenhower (Arlington Heights, IL, 1988), 131.

See Arthur Larson, A Republican Looks at His Party (New York, 1956); and Emmet John Hughes, The Ordeal of Power: A Political Memoir of the Eisenhower Years (New York, 1963).

William A. Rusher, Rise of the Right (New York, 1984), 6465.

New York Times, July 11, 12, 13, 1952.

Quoted in Stephen Ambrose, Eisenhower: Soldier and President (New York, 1990), 307. To a friend Eisenhower wrote, It is a sorry mess; at times one feels almost like hanging his head in shame.... DDE to Harry Bullis (May 18, 1953), Diary Series, Papers as President, 1953-1961, Ann Whitman File, EP, DDEL, Abilene, Kansas.

Gallup data quoted in Robert Griffin, Politics of Fear: Joseph R. McCarthy and the Senate, 2d ed. (Amherst, MA, 1987), 263.

DDE to (governor of Indiana) George Craig (March 26, 1954), Diary Series, Papers as President, 1953-1961, Ann Whitman File, EP, DDEL, Abilene.

DDE to William Robinson (March 12, 1954), ibid.

Cong. Rec., 82d Cong., 1st sess., 6556-6603. McCarthys entire argument against Marshall is in Joseph McCarthy, Americas Retreat from Victory: The Story of George Catlett Marshall (New York, 1951).

DDE to Harry Bullis (May 18, 1953), Diary Series, Papers as President, 1953-1961, Ann Whitman File, EP, DDEL, Abilene. See also DDE interview (July 28, 1964), Princeton University Oral History Collection.

The question of Bohlens statements about Yalta and that he is pro-Democratic, can be seen in Legislative Leadership Meeting (March 9, 1953), Legislative Meeting Series, Papers as President, 1953-1961, Ann Whitman File, DDEL, EP, Abilene.

U.S. News and World Report (April 3, 1955); Charles E. Bohlen, Witness to History, 19291969 (New York, 1973), 309-36. This quote can also be found in William S. White, The Taft Story (New York, 1952), 239.

DDE Diary (April 1, 1953), Diary Series, Papers as President, 1953-1961, Ann Whitman File, EP, DDEL, Abilene. Those Republicans who voted against the Bohlen appointment were the Senates most conservative members, including William Jenner, Styles Bridges, John Bricker, Everett Dirksen, McCarthy, and Barry Goldwater. Eisenhower was surprised by the Bricker and Goldwater vote because, he wrote in his April 1 diary entry, he thought they seemed to me a bit more intelligent than the others.

Quoted in William Manchester, The Glory and the Dream: A Narrative History of America, 19321972 (Boston, 1973), I, 812.

DDE Diary (May 1, 1953), Diary Series, Papers as President, 19531961, Ann Whitman File, EP, DDEL, Abilene. In the official report of the Legislative Leadership Committee, it is stated that Sen. Taft then stated [that] he could not possibly express the deepness of his disappointment at the program the Administration presented today. Minnich, Legislative Leadership Committee, Proceedings (May 9, 1953), EP, DDEL, Abilene.

DDE Diary (April 1, 1953), Diary Series, Papers as President, 1953-1961, Ann Whitman File, EP, DDEL, Abilene.

National Review, June 27, 1956.

Stephen E. Ambrose, Nixon, vol. 1, The Education of a Politician, 1913-1962 (New York, 1987), 374. See New York Times, Sept. 26, 1955.

Ambrose, Eisenhower: Soldier and President, 399. There were also rumors that Milton Eisenhower might step in. See Time, Sept. 19, 1964; and Milton Eisenhowner, The President Is Calling (Garden City, NY, 1974), 315.

Eisenhower always told friends and family that he would not run for a second term. See particularly DDE to Swede Hazlett (Dec. 24, 1953), Diary Series, Papers as President, 1953-1961, Ann Whitman File, EP, DDEL, Abilene; and DDE to Milton Eisenhower (Dec. 11, 1953), ibid.

National Review, Nov. 5, 1955; Cong. Rec., 83d Cong., 2d sess., 16039; John Judas, William F. Buckley, Jr.: Patron Saint of the Conservatives (New York, 1988), 128-33.

DDE to Milton Eisenhower (Dec. 11, 1953), Diary Series, Papers as President, 1953-1961, Ann Whitman File, EP, DDEL, Abilene. And DDE to Hazlett (Dec. 24, 1953), ibid.

Sherman Adams interview, Oral History Collection, Eisenhower Library, Abilene.

DDE Diary (March 13, 1956), Diary Series, Papers as President, 1953-1961, Ann Whitman File, EP, DDEL, Abilene. See also DDE Diary (Feb. 9, 1956 and Feb. 13, 1956), ibid. In these entries, Eisenhower considers appointing Nixon secretary of state. For the suggestion of secretary of defense, see Earl Mazo, Richard Nixon (New York, 1959), 147

DDE to Hazlett (Mar. 2, 1956), Diary Series, Papers as President, 1953-1961, Ann Whitman File, EP, DDEL, Abilene.

DDE Diary (March 13, 1956), ibid.

DDE Diary (March 13, 1956), ibid.

Milton Eisenhower always argued that the president liked Nixon and hoped that a cabinet post would be a better stepping stone to the presidency than the vice presidency. See Milton Eisenhower interview, COHC.

Richard Nixon, RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon (New York, 1978), 17172.

DDE Diary (entry April 26, 1956), Diary Series, Papers as President, 1953-1961, Ann Whitman File, EP, DDEL, Abilene. Much of this is also quoted in Nixon, Memoirs, 172; and Ambrose, Nixon, 39799. New York Times, April 27, 1956.

Quoted in Ken Schuparra, Triumph of the Right: The Rise of the California Conservative Movement, 19451966 (Armonk, NY, 1998), 25.

Life, Sept. 3, 1956.

New York Times, Nov. 7, 1960.

DDE to William Robinson (Mar. 12, 1956), Diary Series, Papers as President, 1953-1961, Ann Whitman File, EP, DDEL, Abilene.

This rumor is borne out in Rusher, Rise of the Right, 66. Knowland committed suicide in 1974. See Trotton Anderson, The 1958 California Election, Western Political Science Quarterly 12 (March 1959), 276-300.

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