James Lincoln Collier - Reconstruction and the Rise of Jim Crow: 1864 - 1896

T HE D RAMA OF A MERICAN H ISTORY

RECONSTRUCTION and the RISE of JIM CROW

18641896

Christopher Collier

James Lincoln Collier

ACKNOWLEDGMENT: The authors wish to thank Michael Les Benedict, Professor of History, The Ohio State University, for his careful reading of the text of this volume of The Drama of American History and his thoughtful and useful comments. The work has been much improved by Professor Benedict's notes. The authors are deeply in his debt, but, of course, assume full responsibility for the substance of the work, including any errors that may appear.

Photo research by James Lincoln Collier.

COVER PHOTO: Corbis-Bettman

PICTURE CREDITS: The photographs in this book are used by permission and through the courtesy of:

Chapter I: Corbis-Bettman : Ulysses S. Grant, Robert E. Lee, Lincoln reading the Emancipation Proclamation, woodcut of a freeman. Library of Congress : Hampton, VA, Atlanta.

Chapter II: Corbis-Bettman : Andrew Johnson, murder of a black man, Frederick Douglass. Library of Congress : wedding, school scene. Colonial Williamsburg Foundation : typical drawing room.

Chapter III: Corbis-Bettman : Thurgood Marshall, race riots in Charleston, Union troops in New Orleans, white men threatening a black voter, Clinton impeachment hearing, Edwin Stanton, Justice Salmon P. Chase.

Chapter IV: Corbis-Bettman : Federal troops in Columbia, Carl Schurz, carpetbaggers bearing down on the South, Hiram R. Revell at the Supreme Court, Susan B. Anthony, black man on a train, voting requirements cartoon. Independence National Historic Park : Independence Hall.

Chapter V: Corbis-Bettman : "How free ballot is protected," Klansmen, the Klan in Pennsylvania, the Klan in Georgia, Rutherford B. Hayes.

Chapter VI: Corbis-Bettman : sharecropper's cabin, plowing by hand, Patenburg massacre, Justice John Marshall Harlan, 1954 Supreme Court. Library of Congress : Southern small town Main Street.

2000 Christopher Collier and James Lincoln Collier

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the copyright holders.

First ebook edition 2012 by AudioGO. All Rights Reserved.

Trade ISBN 978-1-62064-515-4

Library ISBN 978-0-7927-9569-8

RECONSTRUCTION and the RISE of JIM CROW

18641896

C ONTENTS

P REFACE

OVER MANY YEARS of both teaching and writing for students at all levels, from grammar school to graduate school, it has been borne in on us that many, if not most, American history textbooks suffer from trying to include everything of any moment in the history of the nation. Students become lost in a swamp of factual information, and as a consequence lose track of how those facts fit together and why they are significant and relevant to the world today.

In this series, our effort has been to strip the vast amount of available detail down to a central core. Our aim is to draw in bold strokes, providing enough information, but no more than is necessary, to bring out the basic themes of the American story, and what they mean to us now. We believe that it is surely more important for students to grasp the underlying concepts and ideas that emerge from the movement of history, than to memorize an array of facts and figures.

The difference between this series and many standard texts lies in what has been left out. We are convinced that students will better remember the important themes if they are not buried under a heap of names, dates, and places.

In this sense, our primary goal is what might be called citizenship education. We think it is critically important for America as a nation and Americans as individuals to understand the origins and workings of the public institutions that are central to American society. We have asked ourselves again and again what is most important for citizens of our democracy to know so they can most effectively make the system work for them and the nation. For this reason, we have focused on political and institutional history, leaving social and cultural history less well developed.

This series is divided into volumes that move chronologically through the American story. Each is built around a single topic, such as the Pilgrims, the Constitutional Convention, or immigration. Each volume has been written so that it can stand alone, for students who wish to research a given topic. As a consequence, in many cases material from previous volumes is repeated, usually in abbreviated form, to set the topic in its historical context. That is to say, students of the Constitutional Convention must be given some idea of relations with England, and why the Revolution was fought, even though the material was covered in detail in a previous volume. Readers should find that each volume tells an entire story that can be read with or without reference to other volumes.

Despite our belief that it is of the first importance to outline sharply basic concepts and generalizations, we have not neglected the great dramas of American history. The stories that will hold the attention of students are here, and we believe they will help the concepts they illustrate to stick in their minds. We think, for example, that knowing of Abraham Baldwin's brave and dramatic decision to vote with the small states at the Constitutional Convention will bring alive the Connecticut Compromise, out of which grew the American Senate.

Each of these volumes has been read by esteemed specialists in its particular topic; we have benefited from their comments.

C HAPTER I : A G REAT W AR E NDS AND A N EW C ONFLICT B EGINS

AT THREE O'CLOCK in the afternoon of April 9, 1865, a small group of men was gathered in the living room of a house in the little Virginia town of Appomattox Court House. They were General Ulysses S. Grant, chief of the Northern forces during the last year of the Civil War, and the charismatic Southern general, Robert E. Lee, along with their staffs. In silence they sat and watched as General Lee put his signature on a simple document, surrendering his troops to General Grant, and effectively putting an end to the most terrible war Americans have ever fought.

The terms of surrender were generous. Lee's soldiers were not to be treated as prisoners of war, but were to go home. It was springtime, planting season: If they had horses or mules they could take them home, too, so they would have animals to pull their plows. Further, General Grant would distribute to the sick and starving Confederate soldiers food from his ample suppliesthe North had won the war in large measure because it had had more food, men, weapons, and clothing than the South.

The Civil War had wracked the nation. Some 620,000 men had died, most of them young, many of them teenagers, as much from disease as from battle. The South had seen its economy broken. Some of its most important cities were in ruins, two-thirds of its railroads destroyed, tens of thousands of farmhouses, barns, and homes had been burned, factories ripped apart by shells. In both sections of the country millions of lives had been altered irrevocably by the deaths of husbands, fathers, and sons. Many of those who survived had lost an arm, a leg, their eyes: In Mississippi one-third of the white men of military age were dead or disabled.