First published in Great Britain in 2018 by
The Institute of Economic Affairs
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The author
Paul Ormerod is an economist, author and entrepreneur. He is currently a Visiting Professor at University College London (UCL), where he supervises graduate students in machine learning.
Paul read economics at Cambridge and took an MPhil in economics at Oxford. He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy of Social Sciences in 2006, and in 2009 was awarded a DSc honoris causa by the University of Durham for the distinction of his contribution to economics. In addition to economic journals, he has published in journals such as Nature , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B and Evolution and Human Behavior . Paul has published four best-selling books on economics: Death of Economics , Butterfly Economics , Why Most Things Fail and Positive Linking . He has also written for the IEA on many occasions. He was a founder of the Henley Centre for Forecasting Ltd., which the management sold to Martin Sorrells WPP Group in the 1990s.
Foreword
Since 2012 Paul Ormerod has ensured that hundreds of thousands of City A.M. readers are offered a short, sharp espresso shot of morning stimulation on their commute into London.
The original name of Pauls column was Against the Grain . It was a fitting title for a few hundred words that each week has offered an original, contrarian and thought-provoking take on the relationship between economic theory, individuals and policy.
I inherited Paul as a columnist from my predecessors in the editors chair, and though Ive made a few changes to the newspaper in the two and a half years since I started, Im delighted that Pauls column has remained a fixture. Doubtless hed have something to say about the economics of inherited wealth (or privilege, in this instance) but Im immensely grateful that he continues to share his insight and analysis with our readers, even as the pages change around him.
As a newspaper, our main patches of interest are business, finance, economics and politics and in Paul we have a writer who can pull them all together in his own inimitable style. At a time when economic statistics and forecasts can be deployed in support of whatever argument our politicians or Westminster wonks wish to advance, Paul rises above the fray and guides the reader towards a different point of view and a fresh perspective.
A respected academic himself, he has never held back from lambasting the profession for its groupthink or its leftward drift. In doing so he embodies the values of City A.M. , as we strive to question the consensus and hold true to the liberal, free-market values upon which the newspaper was built.
I hope that Paul will stay with us on this journey for years to come, and while we look forward to the columns not yet written, we can now dip into his wisdom at leisure thanks to this timely and important effort to collate his contributions.
The inquisitive reader will be able to find fresh thinking on some of the biggest issues of the day: automation, productivity, growth, the future of capitalism and the rise of artificial intelligence. For intelligence of the old-fashioned variety, I commend this book to you and thank Paul for the immense contribution he has made to City A.M. over the years.
Christian May
Editor-in Chief, City A.M.
January 2018
- Introduction
In the summer of 2012, I was invited to write a weekly opinion column for City A.M. newspaper. It is a free, business-focused newspaper, launched in 2005, and is distributed at more than 250 commuter hubs across London and the Home Counties, as well as 1,600 offices throughout the City, Canary Wharf and other areas of high business concentration. The paper has a strong online presence at w ww .cityam.com .
The general views of the newspaper are broadly supportive of the free-market economy, of capitalism and private enterprise.
It is therefore very appropriate that this selection of my columns is being supported and published by the Institute of Economic Affairs. As Allister Heath, editor of City A.M. from 2008 to 2014 and now editor of the Sunday Telegraph , wrote: the IEA is the home of good economic analysis applied to public policy.
As a description of what I aim to do in my columns, Allister Heaths statement could hardly be bettered. In the confines of 500 words each week, I try to shed light on a contemporary issue in political economy.
I use the phrase political economy rather than economics deliberately. The great founding figures of the discipline in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, such as Adam Smith and David Ricardo, regarded themselves as addressing broad questions of public import, rather than being confined to mere technical analysis.
In the mid-twentieth century, it was Friedrich Hayek, Nobel Laureate and a great inspirational figure for the IEA, who encapsulated this view:
The physicist who is only a physicist can still be a first class physicist and a most valuable member of society. But nobody can be a great economist who is only an economistand I am even tempted to add that the economist who is only an economist is likely to become a nuisance if not a positive danger.
The point simply cannot be made too frequently that we have seen several major natural experiments, which contrast the performances of economies based upon market-oriented principles with those based upon the planned economy principles of socialism. These contrasts include the United States and the Soviet Union, East and West Germany, North and South Korea, India and China under different forms of socialism and India and China under different forms of capitalism. Venezuela is but the latest example of a failing socialist experiment. Countries which were very poor in the mid-twentieth century and which have adopted the principles of market-oriented economics, however, have since flourished.
The key task of political economy is to provide a scientific understanding of how capitalism by far the most successful social and economic system which humans have invented actually works.
This book
Each of the sections of this book has its own fairly short introduction. This is meant to set the scene for how the overall topic of the section fits into economics. These discussions are not meant in any way to supplant economics textbooks or offer a comprehensive survey of the scientific literature on the topic. They are intended to provide a bit more information on each topic than is possible in this general introduction.