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The Wrong Complexion for Protection
The Wrong Complexion for Protection
How the Government Response to Disaster
Endangers African American Communities
Robert D. Bullard and Beverly Wright
NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS
New York and London
www.nyupress.org
2012 by New York University
All rights reserved
References to Internet websites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the author nor New York University Press is responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Bullard, Robert D. (Robert Doyle), 1946
The wrong complexion for protection : how the government response to disaster endangers African American communities / Robert D. Bullard and Beverly Wright.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8147-9993-2 (cl : alk. paper)
ISBN 978-0-8147-7193-8 (ebook)
ISBN 978-0-8147-6384-1 (ebook)
1. Disaster reliefSocial aspectsUnited States. 2. African AmericansCivil rights. 3. African AmericansSocial conditions. 4. Racism in public welfareUnited States. 5. Racism in social servicesUnited States. 6. RacismUnited States. I. Wright, Beverly, Ph. D. II. Title.
HV555.U6B846 2012
363.34808996073--dc23
2012004485
New York University Press books are printed on acid-free paper, and their binding materials are chosen for strength and durability. We strive to use environmentally responsible suppliers and materials to the greatest extent possible in publishing our books.
Manufactured in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
For my mother and father, Nehemiah and Myrtle BullardRDB
For my father and mother, Morris Bates Sr. and Evelyn Bates Justin; my brother, Morris Bates Jr.; and my uncle, Walter Smith, who survived Hurricane Katrina at age seventy-nineBW
Contents
Acknowledgments
The research for this book was made possible by support from the Ford Foundation. We would especially like to thank Michelle DePass, who, at the time we began this book project, was program officer at the Ford Foundation, for her support for our work before and after Hurricane Katrina. Many individuals at our host institutions also provided valuable support for our research efforts. We owe a debt of gratitude to staff members from our respective centers, the Environmental Justice Resource Center at Clark Atlanta University (Glenn S. Johnson and Angel O. Torres) and the Deep South Center for Environmental Justice at Dillard University (Celeste Cooper and Myra Lewis) for their assistance in researching and documenting the case studies, retrieving archival materials, fact checking, editing and proofing, and typing the manuscript.
With apologies to anyone we may have left out, we also would like to acknowledge the extraordinary work being performed in New Orleans and along the Gulf Coast. We would also like to give special thanks to William Lucy, president of the Conference of Black Trade Unionists (CBTU), and to representatives from the National Black Environmental Justice Network (NBEJN) and its affiliate organizations for their encouragement, comments, suggestions, and recommendations over the four years that this book project has been under way: Elodia Blanco, Bunyan Bryant, Damu Smith (now deceased), Donele Wilkins, Monique Harden, Leslies Fields, Charlotte Keys, Vernice Miller-Travis, Felicia Eaves, Peggy Shepard, Cecil Corbin-Mark, Lula Odom, Yolanda Sinde, Robin Cannon, Hazel Johnson (now deceased), Henry Clark, and Michael Lythcott. The authors, of course, assume full responsibility for the books content.
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
ABC | American Beryllium Company |
ABPsi | Association of Black Psychologists |
ACLU | American Civil Liberties Union |
ACORN | Association of Community Organizations for Reform Now |
ADEM | Alabama Department of Environmental Management |
AELOS | Agricultural Economics and Land Ownership Survey |
AIG | American International Group |
ARC | Atlanta Regional Commission |
ATSDR | Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry |
BFI | Browning Ferris Industries |
BP | British Petroleum |
BW | Biological Weapons |
CAB | Community Advisory Board |
CAFOs | Confined Animal Feeding Operations |
CATE | Citizens Against Toxic Exposure |
CARAT | Community Action and Response Against Toxics |
C&D | Construction and Demolition |
CBCF | Congressional Black Caucus Foundation |
CBTU | Conference of Black Trade Unionists |
CDBG | Community Development Block Grant |
CDC | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
CDHS | California Department of Health Services |
CERCLA | Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act |
CEQ | Commission of Environmental Quality (Texas) |
CHDP | Child Health and Disability Prevention |
CHEERS | Childrens Environmental Exposure Research Study |
CAA | Clean Air Act |
CIA | Central Intelligence Agency |
COE | Corps of Engineers |
CNN | Cable News Network |
CRA | Community Reinvestment Act |
CWA | Clean Water Act |
DDT | Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane |
DENR | Department of Environment and Natural Resources |
DHS | Department of Homeland Security |
DME | |