L. H. Gann - The Hispanics In The United States: A History
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Hispanic peoples are the fastest growing minority in the United States, yet the literature on Hispanics as a group is very sparse. This is the first large-scale survey to cover the history, politics, and culture of all major Hispanic groups (including Cubans, Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Chicanos) in the United States. The authors begin by examining the Spanish legacy of the Southwest, the beginnings of large-scale Mexican immigration into the borderlands after the turn of the century, socioeconomic changes brought about by World War I, and changes in the demographic composition of the nation as a result of later immigration. They next discuss in detail the national debate over immigration, asking, for example, whether immigrants compete for jobs and social services, whether the Immigration and Naturalization Service is capable of handling the flow of immigrants, and whether employer sanctions are just. They also describe the immigrants themselvestheir educational levels, occupational backgrounds, and experiences in adapting to life in the United Statesstressing the difference between the various groups in these areas. Finally, Drs. Gann and Duignan look at Hispanic culture, including politics, education, sports, and social problems. This pioneering study argues that immigration is a positive experience for both the newcomers and the local communities into which they settle.
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The Hispanics in the United States
About the Book and Authors
Hispanic peoples are the fastest growing minority in the United States, yet the literature on Hispanics as a group is very sparse. This is the first large-scale survey to cover the history, politics, and culture of all major Hispanic groups (including Cubans, Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Chicanos) in the United States. The authors begin by examining the Spanish legacy of the Southwest, the beginnings of large-scale Mexican immigration into the borderlands after the turn of the century, socioeconomic changes brought about by World War I, and changes in the demographic composition of the nation as a result of later immigration. They next discuss in detail the national debate over immigration, asking, for example, whether immigrants compete for jobs and social services, whether the Immigration and Naturalization Service is capable of handling the flow of immigrants, and whether employer sanctions are just. They also describe the immigrants themselvestheir educational levels, occupational backgrounds, and experiences in adapting to life in the United Statesstressing the difference between the various groups in these areas. Finally, Drs. Gann and Duignan look at Hispanic culture, including politics, education, sports, and social problems. This pioneering study argues that immigration is a positive experience for both the newcomers and the local communities into which they settle.
L. H. Gann and Peter J. Duignan are Senior Fellows at The Hoover Institution. Drs. Gann and Duignan are coauthors of The United States and Africa: A History and of The Middle East and North Africa.
The Hispanics in the United States
A History
L. H. Gann and Peter J. Duignan
First published 1986 by Westview Press, Inc.
Published 2019 by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Copyright 1986 Taylor & Francis
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Gann, Lewis H., 1924
The Hispanics in the United States.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Hispanic AmericansHistory. I. Duignan, Peter.
II. Title.
E184.S75G36 1986 973'.0468 86-4087
Gann, Lewis H., 1924
The Hispanics in the United States.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Hispanic AmericansHistory. I. Duignan, Peter.
II. Title.
E184.S75G36 1986 973'.0468 86-4087
ISBN 13: 978-0-367-29280-5 (hbk)
Contents
- Part I
The Stage Is Set - Part II
Newcomers from Many Lands - Part III
The Porous Frontier - Part IV
Life in the United States
Guide
Hispanics form both one of the oldest and one of the most recent groups of immigrants in the United States. Spanish speakers came to parts of the Southwest before the Pilgrims arrived in New England. Yet the bulk of the Hispanic newcomers settled in the United States in this century, a large proportion of them after World War II. A vast and impressive amount of work already has been done on the history and sociology of particular national groups. Ours is the first to deal with the Hispanic peoples in the United States as a whole. The present work attempts to provide a synthesis based on secondary sources, as well as on personal interviews and visits to the border region and to American cities with large Spanish-speaking populations. Our book, however, is not a history of the Spanish-speaking peoples. We concentrate on the problems of the present, although we do attempt to set these in a wider historical context.
The subject is difficult to define because Spanish speakers vary as much among themselves as do most Americans. Most Spanish speakers are not immigrants; there are Spanish-speaking Californians, New Mexicans, or Texans whose ancestors lived in the Southwest long before their respective states became part of the United States. The Hispanics, like the vast majority of other Americans, have come from many different countries including Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras, Spain, and Argentina. Some of them are proficient in Spanish, although others have lost the use of their ancestral tongue. Some are indifferent to their cultural inheritance and regard themselves as unhyphenated Americans: others have a strong commitment to their Hispanic legacy. Some are rich and some are poor; some are conservative and some are radical; some are fair-skinned and some are swarthy or black.
Spanish-speaking Americans, moreover, differ in the ways in which they define themselves. Most Mexican Americans, for instance, agree that they are of mixed origin, that they form part of la raza, a term that connotesunlike the Nazi concept of pure racea sense of a common past and a common destiny. But Americans of Mexican descent are far from agreed on what to call themselves. In New Mexico, the descendants of the early Spanish-speaking colonists often refer to themselves as nuevo mexicanos or hispanos (old-stock, Spanish-speaking people). In Texas, names often used are tejanos or latinos. Some descendants of early Spanish-speaking pioneers prefer to call themselves "Spanish Americans," a term that to their critics may suggest social snobbery or an unjustified desire to conceal their Mexican past. The term "Chicano" had a somewhat pejorative sense in the first part of the present century. Some Mexican Americans, especially those of an older generation, still strongly object to the term, but many young Americans of Mexican descent have taken up the term as a badge of pride.
Puerto Ricans face similar problems of self-definition. Some fair-skinned Puerto Ricans (a minority) simply merge into the general white population; some dark-skinned Puerto Ricans, especially those born in this country and no longer able to speak Spanish, believe that their future lies in merging with the blacks. Cubans are equally divided, though for very different reasons: some see themselves as a vanguard destined to free Cuba from Communist tyranny; others look only to remaining in America.
The primary links between these different groups remain their religion and the Spanish language, but Spanish-speaking immigrants (like German-, Yiddish-, and Italian-speaking immigrants) begin to modify their original tongue soon after they arrive. "Elevator" has become elevador instead of ascensor. Many Puerto Ricans in New York say "guachiman" for watchman, "rufo" for roof, "moppa" for mop, and "estore" for store. The Puerto Rican accent differs strikingly from the Mexican, and both groups in turn smile at Castilian with its lisp.
But even Spanish may get lost. American children of whatever ethnic ancestry are notoriously reluctant to learn their parents' language. The new, much-heralded, ethnic consciousness commonly centers on music, cookery, crafts, and sports. The ethnic revival usually stops where the irregular verbs begin. No one who has ever tried to teach a foreign language to American school-children will imagine that there is an ethnic ground swell anywhere among them, let alone a widespread desire to acquaint themselves in the original with the masterpieces of Neruda or Caldern.
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