Library of Congress
Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Cervantes-Rodrguez, Ana Margarita.
International migration in Cuba : accumulation, imperial designs, and transnational social fields / Margarita Cervantes-Rodrguez; with a foreword by Alejandro Portes.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Summary: Examines the impact of international migration on the society and culture of Cuba since the colonial periodProvided by publisher.
ISBN 978-0-271-03538-3 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. CubaEmigration and immigrationHistory.
2. CubansMigrationsHistory.
3. ImmigrantsCubaHistory.
4. United StatesEmigration and immigrationHistory.
I. Title. JV7372.C473 2010
304.8097291dc22
2010009667
Copyright 2010
The Pennsylvania State University
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
Published by
The Pennsylvania State University Press,
University Park, PA 16802-1003
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It is the policy of The Pennsylvania State University Press to use acid-free paper.
Publications on uncoated stock satisfy the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information SciencesPermanence of Paper for Printed
Library Material, ANSI Z 39.48-1992.
This book is printed on Natures Natural, which contains 50% post-consumer waste.
The island of Cuba occupies a peculiar and unique place in the Americas. It was the first territory of any size met by Cristbal Coln and his companions, who thought that, after their long Atlantic voyage, they had arrived in Cipango (Japan). Coln himself undertook the first mapping of Cubas coast before returning to Spain. The first immigrants to Cuba were Spanish soldiers, fortune seekers, and priests who settled Cuba right after their first foundation in the new continent, on the nearby island of Hispaniola. Hernn Corts, formerly mayor of one of Cubas larger townsSantiagoleft the island for his famous conquest of Mexico. The Spanish settlers proceeded to subject the native Tano population to such a harsh work regime in their mines and farms that, in a few years, the Tano were exterminated, with lasting consequences for migration to the island in the coming centuries.
Cuba is peculiar for two reasons. First, its large size for an islandover 110,000 square kilometersgave it the space and resources to become a significant colony on its own and subsequently a viable country. Unlike most of the other islands dotting the Caribbean, it was not just a landing spot. Second, it has a privileged location, situated at the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico and in relative proximity to the South American northern coast, the Central American isthmus, and the North American mainland. Spanish sailors were the first to designate Cuba as the place of encounter for the fleets bringing mineral treasure from the mines of Peru and Mexico. The excellent harbor of Havana became the chosen spot, and the small village grew as the Fleet-of- Fleets City, adding to its population a steady sediment of adventurers, sailors, and other human cargo brought aboard the ships.
The size and location of the island, in turn, meant that a substantial export economy could be developed. Agriculture was first stimulated by the need to feed the sailors when the fleets converged in Havanas harbor. The discovery of sugar and tobacco as valuable export crops in the eighteenth century led to a quantum leap in agricultural development: not only did these crops find fertile soil on the big island, but they could also be readily exported to Europe through its fine port facilities. For the rest of the colonial period, the entrepreneurial and labor demands of these industries marked the course of migration to Cuba. Europeansmostly Spaniards, but later the Frenchcame in search of fortune in the sugar, tobacco, and subsequently, coffee plantations. Unlike Mexico or Peru, Cuba had no more native labor to yield, and this forced the second major wave of immigrantsblack slaves from Africa brought into Havanas harbor at the last leg of the Triangular Trade.
The ups and downs of the agricultural export economy continued to drive the course of immigration during the nineteenth century. When the slave trade became forbidden and then effectively persecuted by the British Navy, planters turned to Chinese coolie labor, and Cuba became the main recipient of this new flow. Fearing the excessive blackening of the island and, hence, the possibility of a successful slave revolution, as in nearby Saint-Domingue (Haiti), the Spanish crown encouraged further migration, filling the islands with new flows of migrants from Galicia, Asturias, and the Canary Islands.
The wars of independence brought about the first significant outflows from the island as those opposed to the Spanish colonial regime left in droves to exile in Key West, Tampa, and New York, as well as the newly independent Latin countries in the Caribbean and Central America. These outmigrations, ending with formal independence in 1902, marked another distinct peculiarity of Cuban migration history: the island has been the recipient, but not the source, of major labor flows. The two great waves of Cuban outmigration have been politicalfirst in opposition to the Spanish regime, and then to the communist one imposed by the advent of the Castro brothers to power in 1959. The result is that, unlike Mexico and the surrounding countries of the Caribbean, Cuba has never had a sizable labor diaspora. The consequences of this fact, in terms of the relationship between the nation and its expatriate community and the singular forms of Cuban transnationalism, are examined in this volume.
Margarita Cervantes-Rodrguez has written a book that needed to be written. Until now, studies of migration to and from the island have been segmented and largely descriptive. Cuban scholars, such as Fernando Ortiz, Jose Antonio Saco, and Julio Le Riverend, wrote at length about the colonial period and about African migration. There were, subsequently, voluminous Cuban and American literatures on the war of independence years, including the role of the large exile communities of the time. There was then a large hiatus until 1959, with the exodus of the Cuban upper and middle classes in the wake of Castros revolution. This book aims to bring these segmented literatures together and to do so under an overarching theoretical framework constructed on the basis of both historical and sociological concepts bearing on the secular development of the world economy. It is an ambitious idea. Cervantes-Rodrguez is to be commended for this extraordinary effort of synthesis. Her book will be read with much profit not only by specialists on Cuba but also by those seeking to make sense of the complex waves of migration during the history of capitalism. Because of its geographical position, Cuba represents a strategic site for pursuing such study.
Alejandro Portes
Princeton University
May 2009
My interest in approaching international migration in Cuba from a historical perspective started some years ago in Havana, when I was first captivated by compelling studies that dealt with the immigration of certain groups to the island and the enduring impact of immigration on Cuban society. I started exploring the topic when I produced a comparative study about international migration in Nicaragua and Cuba in my doctoral dissertation. However, as I moved into the transnational experiences of the migrants, my focus switched to Nicaraguans, since it was logistically more feasible to conduct fieldwork in the Central American country. Eventually, the contrast between the Nicaraguan and Cuban cases, in terms of broad historical trends, shaped the novelty of the study. It was not until a few years later that I could focus on the topic of this book. By then, my personal experiences and my familiarity with the narratives and experiences of other Cubans in different societies had become what, borrowing from Miguel de Unamuno, one might call the