Elliot M. Fratkin - Ariaal Pastoralists of Kenya: Surviving Drought and Development in Africas Arid Lands

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Surviving Drought & Development

Conflict and Social Change Series

Series Editors
Scott Whiteford and William Derman
Michigan State University

Surviving Drought and Development: Ariaal Pastoralists of Northern Kenya, Elliot Fratkin

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Surviving Drought & Development

Ariaal Pastoralists of Northern Kenya

Elliot Fratkin

First published 1991 by Westview Press, Inc.

Published 2019 by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1991 Taylor & Francis

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Fratkin, Elliot M.
Surviving drought and development: Ariaal pastoralists of northern Kenya / Elliot Fratkin.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8133-7784-6
1. Ariaal (African people)Social conditions. 2. Ariaal (African people)Domestic animals. 3. Ariaal (African people)Missions. 4. HerdersKenyaLewogoso Lukumai Settlement. 5. Rural developmentKenyaLewogoso Lukumai SettlementInternational cooperation. 6. DroughtsKenyaLewogoso Lukumai Settlement. 7. Lewogoso Lukumai Settlement (Kenya)Social conditions. 8. Lewogoso Lukumai Settlement (Kenya)Economic conditions. I. Title.
DT433.545.A75F73 1991
967.62dc20

91-22456
CIP

978-0-367-28927-0

To the Ariaal of Lewogoso and to pastoral people everywhere

Contents

Guide

Tables

Figures

Maps

Photographs

This book is the result of research I began in the 1970s and continue to undertake in the 1990s. Surviving Drought and Development is a description of how Ariaal pastoralists of northern Kenya have adapted to the vicissitudes of drought, the impact of Western missionaries, and the advent of international development projects, while continuing to maintain their distinctive livestyle and productive economy. When I first lived with the Ariaal from 1974 to 1976, they had only just emerged from a protracted drought (related to the Sahelian Drought of the 1970s) and were rebuilding their domestic herds of camels, cattle, and small stock of goats and sheep, which they depend on for milk, meat, and trade.

When I returned ten years later in 1985, the Ariaal were recovering from an even more severe drought, the Ethiopian Famine of 1982-1984. By this time, however, the formerly isolated area of Marsabit District was inundated with Western relief agencies, including Catholic and Protestant missions as well as international development projects including the UNESCO Integrated Project in Arid Lands. Despite efforts by these agencies encouraging local pastoralists to settle near permanent towns, the Ariaal continue to lead a pastoral lifestyle, subsisting off their livestock in semi-nomadic settlements and trading surplus animals for grains, clothes, and other commodities.

The story of the Ariaal stands in marked contrast to the sad depictions of Africa played out in the Western media, particularly the stories of famine, war, and AIDS, Although these problems are genuine and merit our compassion and intervention, there are other examples from Africa, examples of self-reliance and survivorship, that also demand our attention. The Ariaal represent an African society whose members can thrive and support themselves, particularly if they are given appropriate aid that is of benefit to the pastoral community. The Ariaal have adapted to the arid regions of northern Kenya and will continue to live in these deserts if allowed to keep their animals and maintain production through selective improvements in veterinary care, livestock marketing, and social services.

There are many people in Kenya, Europe, Japan, and the United States who contributed to my research, both directly in Kenya or indirectly through valuable discussions elsewhere.

In Kenya I wish to thank my friends, assistants, and collaborators in Ariaal and Rendille, particularly Larian Aliaro, Anna Marie Aliaro, Kawap Bulyar, Andrew Dabalen, Lekati Leaduma, Kanikis Leaduma, Joseph Lekuton, Singida Lekuton, Kilecho Lendiyo, Lugi Lengesen, Padamu Lengesen, Nkurso Lengesen, Kitoip Lenkiribe, Matthew Mosian, and Patrick Neoley.

My thanks to the Institute of African Studies at the University of Nairobi, and in particular to Dr. Gideon Were and George Mathu for their assistance and cooperation while I was a visiting research associate, and to the Office of the President, Republic of Kenya, for their kind permission to conduct research in Kenya.

My appreciation to the researchers and staff of the Integrated Project in Arid Lands (IPAL), and particularly Dr. Walter J. Lusigi and Mr. George Njiru, for their generous assistance and cooperation in my research. This book would not be possible without the copious data collected by IPAL on the ecology and environment of western Marsabit District.

I wish to thank the missionaries in Kenya who showed my family much kindness and hospitality, and who shared their knowledge of the region and discussed their missions: Dale and Suzanne Beverley, Charles and Doris Barnett, and Tim Ryder of the African Inland Church in Marsabit District; Father George Padinjaraparampil, the late Father Peter Morruzzi, Father Redento, and the sisters of the Don Bosco Mission at Korr; and Nick and Lynne Swanepoel of the Summer Institute of Linguistics in Korr.

There are many researchers working in Kenya whose discussions and friendships proved most valuable over the course of my research: Anne Beaman, John and Sharon Berntsen, John and Barbara Galaty, Anders and Meta G rum, Ivan Karp, Naomi and David Kipury, Corrine Kratz, Michael and Judy Rainy, Eric A. Roth, Franz Rottland, Shun Sato, Gunther Schlee, H. Jurgen Schwartz, Sabine Schwartz, Neal Sobania, Paul Spencer, Steinar Sundvoll, Thomas Spear, Jiro Tanaka, Richard Waller, David and Joan Wiseman, and countless others who shared my interests and enthusiasm.

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