The Romani Movement
Studies in Ethnopolitics
General Editors: Timothy D. Sisk, University of Denver, and Stefan Wolff, University of Bath
This new series focuses on the growing importance of international and external influences on ethnopolitical issues, such as diplomatic or military intervention, and the increasing effects of the forces of globalisation on ethnic identities and their political expressions.
Disputed Territories: The Transnational Dynamics of Ethnic Conflict SettlementStefan Wolff
Peace at Last? The Impact of the Good Friday Agreement on Northern Ireland Edited by Jrg Neuheiser and Stefan Wolff
Radical Ethnic Movements in Contemporary Europe
Edited by Farimah Daftary and Stefan Troebst
The Romani Movement: Minority Politics and Ethnic Mobilization in Contemporary Central Europe
Peter Vermeersch
Modernity and Secession: The Social Sciences and the Political Discourse of the Lega Nord in Italy
Michel Huysseune
First published in 2006 by
Berghahn Books
www.berghahnbooks.com
2006, 2007 Peter Vermeersch
First paperback edition published in 2007
First ebook edition published in 2014
All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission of the publisher.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Vermeersch, Peter, 1972-
/ Peter Vermeersch.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-84545-164-6 (hbk) -- ISBN 978-1-84545-102-8 (pbk) -- ISBN 978-0-85745-678-6 (ebk)
1. Romanies--Europe, Eastern--Policies and government--20th century. 2. Romanies--Europe, Eastern--Politics and government--21st century. 3. Romanies--Europe, Eastern--Government relations--20th century. 4. Romanies--Europe, Eastern--Government relations--21st century. I. Title.
DX210.V47 2006
323.1191479047--dc22
2006042833
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-84545-164-6 hardback
ISBN 978-1-84545-102-8 paperback
ISBN 978-0-85745-678-6 ebook
Acknowledgements
I remember exactly when and where Tcha Limberger told me about his dream. It was a gray and frigid afternoon in midwinter 1995 in Krakw, and we were walking to the railway station. Tcha was a friend visiting from Bruges, my hometown in Belgium, and I was studying abroad in Poland for eighteen months. Tcha, being an unusually talented musician, and blind, carried his violin and a tape recorder everywhere he went through the city; he was on a constant search for new sounds and musical impressions. The street musicians in the heart of Europe, who continued to play their instruments even if the streets were blanketed with snow, had whetted his appetite. His dream was to go to Budapest, live there for a year, and learn to play the magyar nta, an old repertoire of Hungarian popular songs made famous by Gypsy bands like those of the round-faced violin virtuoso Roby Lakatos. I was afraid at the time that Tchas plan was overly romantic, that Hungary would not be the welcoming fairy-tale world he imagined it to be, that the traffic in Budapest would be implacable to someone who could not see it, and that the traditional Romani family orchestras would not be as open to outsiders as his Manush family in Belgium had been.
Three years later Tcha had learned to speak Hungarian and had persuaded me to come to Budapest. We were in the beautiful but crumbling neighborhood around Klauzl tr, sitting at a table laden with pancakes in the small flat of one of the citys masters of the magyar nta. By then I had become interested in minority politics, so I talked with the primas about his dealings with the local Romani activists. But soon the topic of conversation inevitably shifted to music, and he and Tcha became increasingly engrossed in a technical discussion about finger grips and wooden bows. The outside world no longer existed; I rubbed a clear patch on the window and saw nothing but a thick evening mist.
I remember how impressed I was by what I thought was the deeper meaning of this little scene: how mutual passions could inconspicuously remove barriers between people, countries, and cultures. The music in this room had made the geographical distance between Belgium and Hungary meaningless; ethnic differences no longer appeared to play a role in this setting; even language had become close to superfluous. Yet I knew that outside this flat there was a world of barriers. In many places in Central Europe, groups of people were mentally or physically isolated from the rest of society, not only in forgotten industrial wastelands and impoverished villages, such as I had seen in central Romania and in the eastern parts of Hungary and Slovakia, but even in the poorer districts of the capitals. In 1990, the year that I began to study Slavic languages and Eastern European Studies, many had believed that the psychological and political barriers that divided Eastern and Western Europe would soon disappear. A few years later, however, many people realized that other divisions continued to mark the continent. The division separating those known as Roma from other groups in society was a case in point.
I also realized that in Hungary, as in other countries in Central Europe, a growing group of people was trying to organize a movement aimed at finding ways to overcome this barrier. These efforts, and the additional difficulties they often created, were taking place at the margins of politics and society, and they were not a frequent topic in mainstream political science. Yet the more I was thinking about them there in Budapest, in that small apartment, sitting at a kitchen table listening to two violins being tuned to pitch, the more I thought they were important. It was there I decided what I wanted to do: write a book about them.
This task was challenging, and if I was able to accomplish it, it is to a large extent thanks to the support and help of a considerable group of people. First of all, I wish to thank the many people across Central Europe who opened their doors and generously shared their thoughts. They were an invaluable source of information. A lot of material from these meetings and interviews did not make it to the book, but every talk was crucial in advancing my knowledge about the Romani movement. I have listed the names of a number of my interviewees in the text where appropriate. In addition to those, I would like to thank the following people:
In Hungary: Jnos Bthory, Andrs Bir, gnes Darczi, Antnia Hga, Aladr Horvth, Jen Kaltenbach, Blanka Kozma, Jzsef Krasznai, Gbor Miklosi, Attila Mohcsi, Gyula Nday, va Orss, Bla Osztojkn, Gyrgy Rosts-Farkas, Gabriella Varj, Gyrgy Kernyi, Csaba Tabajdi, and Jen Zsig.