Oil makes up one-third of Venezuelas entire GDP, and the United States is far and away Venezuelas largest trading partner. Relations between Venezuela and the United States, traditionally close for most of the last two centuries, began to fray as the end of the Cold War altered the international environment.
Other Titles in the Contemporary Inter-American Relations Series
Edited by Jorge I. Domnguez and Rafael Fernndez de Castro
The United States and Mexico:
Between Partnership and Conflict
Jorge I. Domnguez and Rafael Fernndez de Castro
The United States and Chile:
Coming in from the Cold
David R. Mares and Francisco Rojas Aravena
The United States and Venezuela:
Rethinking a Relationship
Janet Kelly and Carlos A. Romero
The United States and Argentina:
Changing Relations in a Changing World
Deborah Norden and Roberto Russell
The United States and Peru:
Cooperation at a Cost
Cynthia McClintock and Fabian Vallas
The United States and Brazil:
A Long Road of Unmet Expectations
Mnica Hirst, with an essay by Andrew Hurrell
The United States and the Caribbean:
The Transformation of Hegemony and Sovereignty in the Post Cold War Era
Anthony P. Maingot and Wilfredo Lozano
The United States and Central America:
Geopolitical Realities and Regional Fragility
Mark B. Rosenberg and Luis G. Sols
The United States and Mexico, Second Edition:
Between Partnership and Conflict
Jorge I. Domnguez and Rafael Fernndez de Castro
Contemporary U.S.Latin American Relations
Cooperation or Conflict in the 21st Century?
Jorge I. Domnguez and Rafael Fernndez de Castro
The United States and Cuba:
Intimate Enemies
Marifeli Prez-Stable, with an essay by Ana Covarrubias
Debating U.S.Cuban Relations:
Shall We Play Ball?
Jorge I. Domnguez, Rafael Hernndez and Lorena Barberia
U.S.Venezuela Relations since the 1990s:
Coping with Midlevel Security Threats
Javier Corrales and Carlos A.Romero
First published 2013
by Routledge
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Simultaneously published in the UK
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
2013 Taylor & Francis
The right of Javier Corrales and Carlos A. Romero to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Corrales, Javier, 1966
U.S.Venezuela relations since the 1990s : coping with mid-level security threats / Javier
Corrales and Carlos A. Romero.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
1. United StatesForeign relationsVenezuela. 2. VenezuelaForeign relations
United States. 3. United StatesForeign economic relationsVenezuela. 4.
VenezuelaForeign economic relationsUnited States. 5. VenezuelaPolitics and
government1999 I. Romero, Carlos A. II. Title. III. Title: United StatesVenezuela
relations since the 1990s.
JZ1480.A57V45 2012
327.73087dc23
2012011683
ISBN: 978-0-415-89524-8 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-415-89525-5 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-0-203-80051-5 (ebk)
Typeset in Bembo and Stone Sans
by EvS Communication Networx, Inc.
Contents
PART IV Regime Type and Other Domestic Sources of Foreign Policy
7 Regime Type and U.S. Policy Toward Venezuela: President and
Congress
List of Tables and Figures
Tables
Figures
aid for democracy promotion per capita per year, 2007-2012
Acknowledgments
We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to Jorge I. Domnguez and Rafael Fernndez de Castro. They are the ones who approached us with the idea to write this book. Jorge gave us extraordinary advice at every stage of the process.
For Carlos, writing this book was a natural choice. Carlos has spent his entire life studying Venezuelas foreign relations, and he coauthored with Janet Kelly the first edition back in 2002. Their focus on U.S.Venezuela relations in the 20th century became the inspiration for this book. For Javier, the idea of writing a book on U.S.Venezuela relations was somewhat of a gamble. While he had done some work on international relations in broad terms, his expertise lay mostly in comparative politics. We are both grateful to Jorge and Rafael for trusting us to undertake this project jointly.
Javier Corrales is enormously grateful to Amherst College, and his students there. At Amherst, Javier was privileged to work with a dean of faculty, Greg Call, who supports faculty research in imaginative and flexible ways. One way in which Greg supported this project was by authorizing a special topics course for selected undergraduates. This allowed Javier to offer the course, U.S. Venezuela Relations, in the fall of 2011, and eight of the brightest students on campus enrolled.
This special topics course proved integral to the completion of this book. Javier met with his students an evening a week for an entire semester. They all knew the starting time of the seminar, but no one knew for sure what time it would end. They devoted their time to generating ideas, synthesizing existing knowledge, proposing research projects to work on, and discussing drafts. In the end, each of Javiers students made decisive contributions. Federico Sucre and Jean Santiago researched Venezuelas relations with Latin American nations, and Hansol Park and Charles Oluwunmi researched relations with extrahemispheric nations. Sam Pritzker helped with oil-related themes. Will Rives worked on congressional affairs. Matt Lerner helped with U.S. policy toward Venezuela in general. And Seguin Strohmeier, who was a former student, helped with copy editing, formatting, and fact checking, always working against the clock through no fault of her own but ours.