Shyam Ranganathan has an MA in South Asian Studies and an MA in philosophy from the University of Toronto, and wrote a PhD dissertation at York University in analytic philosophy on the topic of translating philosophical texts across languages. His areas of research include Indian philosophy, theoretical ethics and the philosophy of language. He is the author of Ethics and the History of Indian Philosophy.
Acknowledgements
Writing a book takes timea long timeand the number of people that end up contributing something to its progress is remarkable.
First and foremost, I need to thank my family, particularly my parents, for their love and support. Of course, exceptional thanks goes to my dog Maggie: it is very difficult to describe what one owes to someone who is so faithful and forgiving. My partner Andrea Yandreski has been a continual source of support and inspiration for this book. Her persistence in practising and thinking about yoga has always stimulated me to think harder about what Patajali would say in response to all manner of questions.
My cousin Dr Sudhakshina Rangaswami deserves special thanks for her encouragement and support as I pursued my research and for the role she played in helping me see this book to publication. Likewise, I must thank her friend and former colleague, Prof. Jyotirmaya Sharma, for his support in helping me see this book to publication.
I would like to thank my editors, Ravi Singh and R. Sivapriya of Penguin India, for their easy, reassuring manner and the professionalism that made the editing of this book a sheer pleasure. This is not the first book I have written and seen to publication, but it is the first time that I have felt as though I was not abandoned to my own devices.
I need to recognize the help that Ben Wood of the University of Toronto played in finalizing this text. Like a miracle, Ben appeared in the last minute to help me proof the Sanskrit. I would not have known of Bens help if it were not for the help of my friend Ajay Rao of the University of Toronto. Since I met Ajay a year ago, I have had the good fortune to discuss with him Indology and the trials and tribulations of being a junior scholar. As well, I have on more than one occasion benefited from his expertise in Sanskrit, which he always shared graciously.
I also need to thank my friend Eddie Stern and many of his students at Asthtanga Yoga New York. I was nominally Eddies philosophy teacher for some time, and the Yoga Stra was one of the texts that we covered, but my conversations with Eddie always caused me to think harder and reconsider my views about yoga and my translation. Thus I am most fortunate to have had his feedback in the formation of this book. Likewise, I owe a debt of gratitude to his most dedicated students. Coming to know them provided me an unparalleled opportunity to talk about Patajalis text with people who are superlatively serious about yoga.
Finally I would like to thank Patajali (who ever that is) for this wonderful text. I began translating the Yoga Stra as I was sharpening my views on translation, which I eventually defended in my PhD dissertationTranslating Evaluative Discoursein philosophy at York University. My reading for that degree in the early stages, at least, consisted of a diet of analytic philosophy of language, theoretical ethics and translation studies material. Patajalis stunning vision provided me with a respite from the ivory tower and the perfect opportunity to learn first hand what translation is really like. And in turn, the lessons I learned while translating this text influenced my work as a philosopher of language and translation theorist, which in turn caused me at points to rethink and revise my translation. Patajali was thus oddly a conscripted interlocutor in the dialectic that was the development of my dissertation. Thus, I need to thank him for helping me with that as well.
Introduction
P ART I: W HY A NEW TRANSLATION?
The Yoga Stra is one of the major, classical works of Indian philosophy codified sometime around the second or third century CE . Little is known about its author, Patajali, or even if there is an author by that name. We can only assume that there was indeed a sage-philosopher named Patajali who authored the text attributed to him. The Yoga Stra is certainly not the first text in the history of Indian philosophy to speak of yoga. The idea of yoga can be found in texts as early as the Vedas; and meditation, an integral part of yoga, was practised by the Buddha and the Fordmakers of the Jain tradition. The Bhagavad Gt too displays a great interest in the topic of yoga, as do many less popular works from the history of Indian thought. But the Yoga Stra stands out among all such texts in being explicitly about the topic of yoga and in attempting to provide a formal, systematic and philosophical elaboration of the practice. It was to become the classic work on yoga in the Indian philosophical tradition, inspiring later philosophers from contrary schools, such as Jainism and Advaita Vednta, to incorporate many of the features of yoga as Patajali conceived it.
Of the classical texts of formal Indian philosophy, it is no doubt the most commonly translated and widely read in the English-speaking world. The recent, global popularity of yoga, as a practice of posture flows (misleadingly called sana, and sometimes also hatha yoga), is to be credited with the ubiquitous interest in the text. While the concept of YOGA is important to the Indian philosophical tradition on the whole, and shows up in formal philosophies of many of Indias traditions, the Yoga Stra is the most definitive account of yoga. In light of the importance and popularity of the Yoga Stra, and the wealth of translations of this text, one is compelled to ask the question: Is another translation really necessary?
I came to believe in the necessity of a new translation when I first started teaching the