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Names: Thubten Zopa, Rinpoche, 1945 author. | McDougall, Gordon, 1948 editor.
Title: The six perfections: the practice of the Bodhisattvas / Lama Zopa Rinpoche; edited by Gordon McDougall.
Description: Somerville, MA: Wisdom Publications, [2020] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019025473 (print) | LCCN 2019025474 (ebook) | ISBN 9781614295853 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781614296089 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Paramitas (Buddhism) | Spiritual life Buddhism.
Classification: LCC BQ4336 .T49 2020 (print) | LCC BQ4336 (ebook) | DDC 294.3/444 dc23
Cover and interior design by Gopa & Ted2, Inc. Cover photo by Ven. Roger Kunsang.
EDITORS PREFACE
T HE SIX PERFECTIONS the activities of the bodhisattva lay out a route map to enlightenment. Once we have attained the precious mind of bodhichitta and become a bodhisattva, we hone that mind, taking it ever closer to enlightenment by training in the six perfections. These are very advanced practices, each perfection fueled by the wonderful mind of bodhichitta and grounded in the wisdom of realizing emptiness.
But what makes them so precious for us is the absolute relevance they have in our daily lives. Each of the six is a skill we can and need to develop right this moment. I often joke that I have attained the perfection of miserliness and impatience, but, really, within these teachings are the tools to overcome the negative minds we all now have and to develop their positive counterparts.
Who of us is completely generous or never does an action that harms others? And in this world of smartphones and social media, it seems the whole world is suffering from ADHD, unable to focus for more than a second, twitching from one screen to the next in search of some elusive goal. We all need patience, perseverance, and concentration.
Whenever Lama Zopa Rinpoche teaches on the six perfections, either as a whole or by focusing on one or more, he isnt teaching to the bodhisattvas but to us, and his teaching is wonderful advice that shows us how to redirect our lives, making us more generous, moral, patient, and joyful in doing positive actions. Anybody who has sat in front of Rinpoche knows he embodies bodhichitta and wisdom, and his explanation of these subjects is extraordinary. In compiling this book, I hope I have been able to bring even a fraction of the wisdom he has showered us with for over forty years.
In general, quotes in this book have been taken from published texts such as Shantidevas A Guide to the Bodhisattvas Way of Life and have been cited accordingly, but some are Rinpoches own translations, which Ive taken from the transcripts. As Rinpoche very often investigates the words within a verse thoroughly, what I have often ended up with is more a paraphrase of the original quote.
To compile this book, I have used teachings stored in the Lama Yeshe Wisdom Archive that have been lovingly recorded, transcribed, and checked by a vast number of people, all working to preserve the precious words of a great teacher. I would like to thank everybody who contributed to this book: those at LYWA, the audio team that recorded the teachings, and the team at Wisdom Publications, who are an inspiration to work with.
I apologize for any errors found in this book; they are 100 percent mine. May this book be the tool to allow people to develop their positive qualities to the maximum degree in order to help others. May whatever merit gained from the creation of this book be dedicated to peace in this troubled world; to the long life, well-being, and fulfillment of the wishes of all our holy teachers, especially His Holiness the Dalai Lama and Lama Zopa Rinpoche; and to the flourishing of the Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition and of the Dharma throughout the world.
Gordon McDougall
Bath, England
INTRODUCTION: THE SIX PERFECTIONS
T HE SANSKRIT for perfection is paramita, which literally means gone beyond. The perfections are the practices of bodhisattvas, holy beings who have completely renounced the self; they have transcended selfish concerns and cherish only others.
Each perfection is perfect, flawless. Each arises from bodhichitta and is supported by the other perfections, including the wisdom of emptiness. Because of that, a bodhisattva generates infinite merit every moment, whether outwardly engaged in working for others or not. A bodhisattvas bodhichitta never stops. Even sleeping, there is no self-cherishing; even in a coma, infinite merit is still created.
The six perfections are as follows:
Charity (dana)
Morality (shila)
Patience (kshanti)
Perseverance (virya)
Concentration (dhyana)
Wisdom ( prajna)
The first perfection is the perfection of charity. Its nature is the virtuous thought of giving. With that thought we perform the three types of charity: giving material objects, giving fearlessness, and giving the Dharma. These encompass all our actions of body, speech, and mind, such as giving material objects, protecting from fear, and giving the Dharma.
The second perfection is the perfection of morality, of which there are three types: refraining from nonvirtue, gathering virtuous deeds, and working for others. The first, refraining from nonvirtue, is abstaining from actions that harm sentient beings. The second, gathering virtuous deeds, means completely giving up the thought of seeking happiness for the self, including seeking self-liberation. The third, working for others, means just that protecting sentient beings from harm as well as helping them in any way we can.
Then there is the perfection of patience. The nature of patience is keeping the mind in virtue whenever we encounter disturbance and harm. (We could endure these with a nonvirtuous mind as well, which is why the distinction is made.) There are three types of patience: not retaliating when harmed, accepting suffering, and having certainty about the Dharma. Accepting suffering means our mind remains calm and undisturbed whenever we receive harm from either sentient beings or nonliving things. Having certainty about the Dharma means always abiding in the wish to continuously practice the Dharma no matter what the circumstance.
The perfection of perseverance means being happy to practice virtue specifically, being happy to practice each of the perfections and doing work for all sentient beings. This includes virtuous actions of the body and speech, such as doing prostrations and reciting mantras.
With the fifth perfection, concentration, through both analytical meditation and single-pointed concentration we constantly reflect on the meaning of the teachings and put them into practice. For instance, when we do a shamatha, or calm-abiding meditation, using Guru Shakyamuni Buddha, the Buddha is the object of meditation; if we are meditating on bodhichitta, the mind of enlightenment, when we place our mind single-pointedly on bodhichitta, that is the object of meditation.