Abū Jaʻfar al-Qummī Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan - The silent Qurʼan and the speaking Qurʼan: scriptural sources of islam between history and fervor

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The Silent Quran & the Speaking Quran

Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi

The Silent Quran & the Speaking Quran

Scriptural Sources of Islam Between History and Fervor

With contributions by Etan Kohlberg and Hasan Ansari

Translated by Eric Ormsby

Columbia University Press New York

Columbia University Press

Publishers Since 1893

New York Chichester, West Sussex

cup.columbia.edu

Copyright 2016 Columbia University Press

All rights reserved

E-ISBN 978-0-231-54065-0

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali.

[Coran silencieux et le coran parlant. English]

The silent Quran and the speaking Quran : scriptural sources of islam between history and fervor / Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi; with contributions by Etan Kohlberg and Hasan Ansari; translated by Eric Ormsby.

pages cm

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-231-17378-0 (cloth: alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-231-54065-0 (e-book)

1. QuranCriticism, interpretation, etc.HistoryMiddle Ages, 6001500. 2. QuranCommentariesHistory and criticism. 3. Hadith (Shiites)Criticism, interpretation, etc. 4. Sulaym ibn Qays, -approximately 705. 5. Sayyari, Ahmad ibn Muhammad, active 9th century. 6. Hibari, al-Husayn ibn al-Hakam, -899 or 900. 7. Abu Jafar al-Qummi, Muhammad ibn al-Hasan, -902 or 903. 8. Kulayni, Muhammad ibn Yaqub, -941? I. Kohlberg, Etan. II. Ansari, Hasan, 1970 or 1971- III. Ormsby, Eric. IV. Title.

BP130.45.A4813 2015

297.1221dc23

2015017101

A Columbia University Press E-book.

CUP would be pleased to hear about your reading experience with this e-book at .

COVER IMAGE: Evening Prayer, (oil on panel), Ernst, Rudolphe (18541932)/Private Collection/Photo Christies Images/Bridgeman Images

COVER DESIGN: Lisa Hamm

References to websites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the author nor Columbia University Press is responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared.

For Bahmann & Mehra

Contents

D ouble dates denote, first, the Islamic Hijra date and then that of the common Christian era. When they appear in parentheses after an individuals name, they denote the death date of an individual, unless otherwise noted; for example, al-ibar (286/899) or (d. [i.e. died in] 286/899). When the month is not known, the two years of the Common Era which the Hijra year straddles are noted; for example, 329/94041.

Translations from the Quran are my own, unless otherwise noted, in which case the source of the translation is given. In Quranic references the first numeral indicates the sura and the second the verse according to the customary division; for example, 2:43 = the Quran, sura 2, verse 43.

The term Hadith designates the second scriptural source in Islam after the Quran. It denotes what is called the Islamic Tradition, namely, the teachings attributed to the Prophet Muammad and, for Sunnis, certain of his companions; and, for Shiites, attributed to the Prophet, his daughter Fima, Al, and the imams descended from them. When referring to the realm of Islamic Tradition or those disciplines that relate to it, it is here written with a capital H (Hadith) but with a small h (hadith) when referring to a specific tradition or teaching.

With regard to Arabic nomenclature, an individuals name is almost always followed by that of his father. This relationship is designated here by the letter b the abbreviation of ibn, that is, son of; for example, Muammad b. Abdallh = Muammad ibn (i.e. son of) Abdallh.

In the footnotes, authors names and the titles of works are given with or without the article al. This is taken up in the bibliography at the end.

System of Transcription of Arabic and Persian Letters

Consonants: (denotes the hamza, a laryngeal glottal stop), b, p, t, th (like English th in think), j (as dj), (like English China), (h unvoiced pharyngeal), kh (like Spanish jota or the German ch in Buch), d, dh (like English that), r (always strongly rolled), z, (like French gentil), s, sh (like English shy), (emphatic s), (emphatic d), (emphatic t), (emphatic z), (indicates the voiced pharyngeal ayn), gh (as in French r, grassay), f, q (velarized uvular stop, the palatodorsal articulation of k), k, g, l, m, n, w, h (laryngeal spirant), y (as in yak).

Vowels: short: a, i, u; long: , , .

Historical Points of Reference

61619:	violent tension among influential members of the Quraysh, particularly the Ban Abd Shams, the clan of the Umayyads, and the Ban Hshim, the clan of Muammad.
1/622:	the Hijra: according to tradition, the emigration of Muammad and his first followers from Mecca to Medina (beginning of the Muslim calendar).
2/624:	battle of Badr: victory of Muammad over the Quraysh of Mecca.
3/625:	battle of Uud: victory of the Meccans over the Prophets followers.
8/630:	conquest of Mecca by Muammad and his supporters.
11/632:	death of Muammad. The naming of Ab Bakr as his successor at the saqfa (porch) of the clan of the Ban Sida. Death of Fima, Muammads daughter, a few months after that of her father. Start of the Wars of Apostasy
13/634:	death (by violence?) of Ab Bakr. Accession of Umar to the caliphate.
15/636:	beginning of Arab conquests: Damascus and most of Syria and Palestine.
1622/637642:	conquest of Jerusalem, Ctesiphon (capital of Sasanian Persia), Mesopotamia, Armenia. Evacuation of Alexandria by the Byzantines.
23/644:	assassination of Umar. Beginning of caliphate of Uthmn.
2629/64950:	Arab incursions into Cappadocia, Phrygia, Carthage. Landing at Cyprus.
35/656:	assassination of Uthmn. Beginning of the caliphate of Al.
3638/65759:	civil wars of the Camel (Jamal), iffn, Nahrawn. Muwiya is acknowledged as the first Umayyad caliph in Syria.
40/661:	assassination of Al. Umayyad caliphate from 661 to 750.
4950/669670:	death of al-asan, elder son of Al and Fima, probably poisoned on Muwiyas orders.
61/680:	massacre of al-usayn, younger son of Al and Fima, and his family at Karbal by the troops of the caliph Yazd b. Muwiya.
6586/685705:	caliphate of Abd al-Malik b. Marwn. Probable establishment of the official version of the Quran.
133/750:	Fall of the Umayyads to the Abbasid revolution. Beginning of the Abbasid caliphate which will last until the Mongol invasion in 656/1258.

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