Ivanov Anatoly - Central Asian Art: Temporis

C entral Asia, ancient territory where nature offers contrasts different from any other area of the world, traditionally regroups four republics of the community of Independent States: Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, extending from the Caspian Sea to the Chinese border. Broad deserts and flourishing orchards and vineyards, snow - covered mountains and green valleys, old abandoned cities, traditional villages and modern towns proud of their past often several thousand years old, and with famous monuments may be found here. Centre of successive civilisations and multiple cultures, this vast area claims an exceptional architectural, artistic, and handicraft heritage.

Ever since the Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age, Central Asia has rivalled with classical Eastern Asia (which extended from Mesopotamia to India) in the abilities and skills of its peoples. In the 6 th century BCE it was largely conquered by the powerful Achaemenian Dynasty and in the 4 th century BCE by Alexander the Greats army which gave it considerable artistic impetus. The period between the 3 rd century BCE and the 3 rd century CE marked the area with the appearance of powerful Kingdoms: the Parthians of the Arsacid dynasty (south of Turkmenistan, in Persia, and in part of Mesopotamia), the Greco-Bactrians, the Kushans (which included Bactria and the territory beyond Amu-Daria as far as the Indus and the Ganges), the Kangas (that united the Kharezm, the Sogdian, and the northern territories) whose social and cultural development founded an entirely new cultural impulse throughout the territory they controlled.

If the development of the arts in Central Asia was closely linked with their neighbours, this period was nevertheless marked by a conjunction of influences, Hellenistic, Indo-Buddhist, and South Persian, whereas in the North-East, the central territories, the Sakas, and the Scythians, left the imprint of their own traditions. But the local artists didnt satisfy themselves with copying shapes and designs alien to them, but modified, according to their sensibility, the forms and the content of foreign cultures. They worked with their own ancestral techniques and according to their aesthetic sense and ideology, thus giving birth to a new art profoundly original at the threshold of the 4 th century BCE.

The Ark, fortress walls.
Bukhara, Uzbekistan.

The fall of the ancient empires of Central Asia and the invasions of the 4 th and 5 th centuries by wandering tribes from the North predetermined the establishment of a new social order, an intensive feudal system, and the constitution of a great number of semi-independent principalities. It was a period of domination by rich landowners who lived in innumerable fortresses scattered in the plains and mountains. One of the most remarkable characteristics of this renewed social system was the formation of a particular type of medieval culture in the towns, then few in number, and the development of many crafts in different artistic areas.

The political dismemberment encouraged the conquest of the region by the Arabs and its submission to the caliphate power from the 7 th century. It was at this time that all the countries between the Amu Darya and Zhetysu (previously known as Semirechyez, the Seven Rivers region) was named Mavera-un-Nahr. The south of todays Turkmenistan became a part of the Khorasan region. From this time, only Khwarezm retained its former name.

A part of the patrimony, including mural paintings, sculptures, and representative figures opposed to the Arab laws about ornament, was destroyed during that period, but at the same time, many aspects of artistic life were influenced by Muslim culture.

During the 10 th through 12 th centuries, art was once again faced with many sudden changes. Ancient traditions were abandoned, the development of monumental paintings and sculptures ceased, and the ornamental, decorative style common to all Islamic countries in architecture and the applied arts became the main source of creation. On political grounds, the local noblemen, even if they were nominally subjects of the caliphate, began to conduct their states with total independence from the 9 th and 10 th centuries.

At last, at the beginning of the 11 th century, following the numerous Turkmen invasions, the Turkmen dynasties established themselves in this region. This period favoured the development of urban culture and the growth of towns, among which Merv today abandoned Samarkand, Khiva, and Bukhara remained representative of the essential spirit.

Around 1150, the architecture of Central Asia was monochrome, but in the middle of the 12 th century blue brick began to be used and considerable progress was made in the art of building and decorative ornamentation. But the Turco-Mongol invasions at the beginning of the following century put a stop to all artistic development for almost a hundred years.

Tilya-Kori Madrasah.
Samarkand, Uzbekistan.

The Ark, fortress.
Bukhara, Uzbekistan.

Gur-e Amir Mausoleum.
Samarkand, Uzbekistan.

It was only at the end of a slow revival that a renewal began to appear in the 15 th century, under the reign of Tamerlane and the Timurids, today considered the most sumptuous of the artistic patrimony of Central Asia. The edifices from that time are characterised by their decorative aspects and the richness of colour of the glazed ornaments.

The palette of the ceramic surfaces became more and more varied, with a predominance for turquoise blue. Under Timur, in the 1470s, Samarkand experienced a great development in architecture, which is a testimony to the power of the self-named