Michael J. Stewart - Vikings: History of Vikings: From The History of Rune Stones to Norse Mythology (Thor, Odin, Valhalla, Viking Religion, Swedish History Book 1)
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Vikings
History of Vikings: From The History of "Rune Stones" to "Norse Mythology."
Copyright 2017 Michael J. Stewart - All rights reserved.
In no way is it legal to reproduce, duplicate, or transmit any part of this document in either electronic means or in printed format. Recording of this publication is strictly prohibited and any storage of this document is not allowed unless with written permission from the publisher. All rights reserved.
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Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1: Wolves of the Sea
Chapter 2: The Runestones
Chapter 3: Life in the Viking Age
Chapter 4: Vikings at War
Chapter 5: Viking Mythology
Chapter 6: The Viking Empire at its Height
Chapter 7: The Influence the Vikings Have Had on Us Today
Chapter 8: Viking Architecture and Technology
Conclusion
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It is the year of our Lord 793. You are a monk assigned to the Christian monastery on the Holy Island of Lindisfarne in Northumbria, in the northeast of England. The winters here are cold, the mornings brisk, and the coastline rugged and battered relentlessly by the tide. It is a harsh, lonely land, but the tall stonewalls of your monastery offer a safe refuge from the biting winds and the withering lightning storms that descend from the heavens. The preceding months were hard, but by the grace of God you and your brothers have endured famine and inclement weather, and not a day goes by that you do not commit your prayers to the Lord with gratitude and suppliance for His many blessings.
Then, one bracing morning, a fisherman bears news of unfamiliar ships being spotted off the coast. They are vessels of foreign construction, longships, he called them, few in number but ominous in intent. You and a handful of brothers strike out to a vantage point, arriving just in time to witness the arrival of the Vikings.
It happens quickly. From the moment, the longships drove themselves aground, out pours a host of men clad in iron helms, wielding spears and axes, bows and large, broad-bladed knives. The few men wielding swords among their ranks appear to occupy positions of authority, commanding or directing their fellows as they detach shields mounted along the sides of their boat. Soon, each man is paired with a painted shield, and the Vikings made their advance up from the coast, towards the monastery.
It becomes very clear that their intentions were not peaceful. Lighting torches, the Vikings set fire to buildings, ransacking homes and slaughtering many monks who had neither the skill nor the means to defend themselves. The monastery itself bore the worst of the pillaging, looted of its treasures and beautifully illuminated scrolls, its larders of food and casks of wine.
At long last, the invaders depart, leaving little but ruined masonry, scorched timbers and maimed corpses in their wake. Upon hearing the news, it was all the Church could do but lament all that was lost during the raids, offering no solace nor explanation except that the Vikings were sent by God, to punish those in England for their petty political feuds that left holy sites like Lindisfarne so isolated and the coastlines unprotected.
Vikings. Even in the modern day, the very word conjures up the image of bearded, bloodthirsty men clad in chainmail and wielding battle-axes, hewing apart anyone who stood in the way of their pillaging and plundering. But who were the Vikings, really? Were they truly deserving of a legacy as greedy pirates and remorseless raiders? Or were the Vikings of ancient Scandinavia more than just simple barbarians and plunderers?
Who Were the Vikings?
The Vikings were a group of Nordic seafarers who spoke the Old Norse language and hailed from three countries of Scandinavia: Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. The word Viking in Old Norse actually means pirate raid; warriors who went raiding in ships were described as going Viking.
In European history, the Viking Age spanned roughly from AD 700 to 1100. The Viking Age was a period where the Nordic peoples enjoyed a significant military, economic, mercantile and population expansion. Enabled by their advanced seafaring skills and longships, many Vikings were able to leave Scandinavia and sail as far as Britain and Ireland and other parts of Europe. The presence of Viking activity at times has also been extended into the Mediterranean, North Africa the Middle East and Central Asia. And the Vikings did more than merely explore: they conquered and established settlements, communities, and policies in diverse areas of northwestern Europe, European Russia, the North Atlantic islands and even as far as the north-eastern coast of North America.
The spread of the Vikings and wider dissemination of Norse culture also led to strong foreign cultural influences into Scandinavia as well, with profound historical developments going into later medieval periods.
Popular modern conceptions of the Vikings often differ strongly from the actual, complex culture unearthed by archaeological findings and other historical sources. Vikings have been alternately romanticized as noble savages, bloodthirsty piratical raiders, and intrepid adventurers. To truly appreciate the profound impact that Viking culture and their legacy have left on the development of medieval Europe, we must look beyond the modern day cultural clichs and stereotypes, and get the real facts behind the rich, complex and complicated culture of the ancient Norsemen.
Why Did The Vikings Raid?
Among the peoples of the era, the Vikings of Scandinavia certainly werent the only culture to raid and pillage their neighbors. But Vikings definitely did raid more often, and their raids were by far more brutal and brutally efficient than the raids carried out by other cultures. Many fear and grief-stricken records exist that describe harrowing scenes of Viking longboats storming in from the waves, releasing hordes of bloodthirsty warriors that annihilated local defenders, laid waste to settlements and plundered strongholds and monasteries of their treasures. While historians have developed several competing theories over the years, no single reason could thoroughly explain why the Vikings pillaged and made war with their neighbors so frequently. Instead, modern-day historians look to a combination of various factors to help explain the Vikings disposition for bloodshed.
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