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Smith Justin E. H. - Divine machines: Leibniz and the sciences of life

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Book:
Divine machines: Leibniz and the sciences of life
Author:
Smith Justin E H / Leibniz Gottfried Wilhelm
Publisher:
Princeton University Press
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2011
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Princeton;NJ
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This book provides a comprehensive survey of G.W. Leibnizs deep and complex engagement with the sciences of life, in areas as diverse as medicine, physiology, taxonomy, generation theory, and paleontology. It is shown that these sundry interests were not only relevant to his core philosophical interests, but indeed often provided the insights that in part led to some of his most familiar philosophical doctrines, including the theory of corporeal substance and the theory of organic preformation.;Though it did not yet exist as a discrete field of scientific inquiry, biology was at the heart of many of the most important debates in seventeenth-century philosophy. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the work of G.W. Leibniz. In Divine Machines, Justin Smith offers the first in-depth examination of Leibnizs deep and complex engagement with the empirical life sciences of his day, in areas as diverse as medicine, physiology, taxonomy, generation theory, and paleontology. He shows how these wide-ranging pursuits were not only central to Leibnizs philosophical interests, but often provided the insights that led to some of his best-known philosophical doctrines. Presenting the clearest picture yet of the scope of Leibnizs theoretical interest in the life sciences, Divine Machines takes seriously the philosophers own repeated claims that the world must be understood in fundamentally biological terms. Here Smith reveals a thinker who was immersed in the sciences of life, and looked to the living world for answers to vexing metaphysical problems. He casts Leibnizs philosophy in an entirely new light, demonstrating how it radically departed from the prevailing models of mechanical philosophy and had an enduring influence on the history and development of the life sciences. Along the way, Smith provides a fascinating glimpse into early modern debates about the nature and origins of organic life, and into how philosophers such as Leibniz engaged with the scientific dilemmas of their era.

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Divine Machines

Divine machines Leibniz and the sciences of life - image 2

Divine Machines

LEIBNIZ AND THE
SCIENCES OF LIFE

Justin E. H. Smith

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS
PRINCETON AND OXFORD

Copyright 2011 by Princeton University Press
Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton,
New Jersey 08540

In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street,
Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TW
press.princeton.edu

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Smith, Justin E. H.
Divine machines: Leibniz and the sciences of life / Justin E. H. Smith.
p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-691-14178-7 (hardback)

1. Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, Freiherr von, 1646-1716KnowledgeScience.
2. Life sciencesPhilosophyHistory17th century.
3. SciencePhilosophy
History17th century. I. Title.

Q143.L472S65 2011
570.1dc22 2010053174

British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available

This book has been composed in Sabon

Printed on acid-free paper.

Printed in the United States of America

1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2

CONTENTS

Divine machines Leibniz and the sciences of life - image 3

CHAPTER ONE
Que les philosophes medicinassent: Leibnizs Encounter with Medicine and Its Experimental Context

CHAPTER TWO
The Hydraulico-Pneumatico-Pyrotechnical Machine of Quasi-Perpetual Motion: Leibniz on Animal Economy

PART TWO: From Animal Economy
to Subtle Anatomy

CHAPTER THREE
Organic Bodies, Part I: Nature and Structure

CHAPTER FOUR
Organic Bodies, Part II: Context and Legacy

CHAPTER FIVE
The Divine Preformation of Organic Bodies

CHAPTER SIX
Games of Nature, the Emergence of Organic Form, and the Problem of Spontaneity

CHAPTER SEVEN
The Nature and Boundaries of Biological Species

Divine machines Leibniz and the sciences of life - image 4

Every realm of nature is marvelous: and as Heraclitus, when the strangers who came to visit him found him warming himself at the furnace in the kitchen and hesitated to go in, is reported to have bidden them not to be afraid to enter, as even in that kitchen divinities were present, so we should venture on the study of every kind of animal without distaste; for each and all will reveal something natural and something beautiful.

Aristotle, On the Parts of Animals I 5, 1723

Let us free ourselves from the deception of the senses, from becoming, from history, from lies And above all, away with the body, this wretched ide fixe of the senses, disfigured by all the fallacies of logic, refuted, even impossible, although it is impudent enough to behave as if it were real!

Nietzsche, Twilight of the Idols,
Reason in Philosophy, 1

ABBREVIATIONS

Divine machines Leibniz and the sciences of life - image 5

Editions of Leibniz are abbreviated as follows:

A	Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: Smtliche Schriften und Briefe, ed. Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin, Darmstadt, and Leipzig: 1923present).
AG	G. W. Leibniz: Philosophical Essays, trans. and ed. Roger Ariew and Daniel Garber (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1989).
Barrande	Leibniz: Protogaea: De laspect primitif de la terre, ed. Jean-Marie Barrande, trans. Bertrand de Saint Germain (Toulouse: Presses Universitaires du Mirail, 1993).
Bodemann	Die Leibniz-Handschriften, ed. E. Bodemann (Hanover and Leipzig, 1895).
Couturat	Opuscules et fragments indits de Leibniz, ed. Louis Couturat (Paris, 1903).
Dutens	Gothofredi Guilelmi Leibnitii Opera Omnia, 6 vols. ed. Louis Dutens (Geneva: De Tournes, 1768; repr. Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1989).
FdC	Oeuvres de Leibniz, 7 vols. 2nd ed., ed. A. Foucher de Careil (Paris, 1875).
G	Die philosophischen Schriften von G. W. Leibniz, ed. C. I. Gerhardt. 7 vols. (Berlin, 187590).
GM	Die mathematischen Schriften von G. W. Leibniz, 7 vols. ed. C. I. Gerhardt (Berlin, 184963).
Gere	Sbornik pisem i memorialov Lebnitsa otnosyashchikhsya k Rossii i Petru Velikomu, ed. V. I. Gere (Guerrier) (Saint Petersburg, 1873).
Gerland	Nachgelassene Schriften physikalischen, mechanischen und technischen Inhalts, ed. Ernst Gerland (repr. Hildesheim: Olms, 1995).
Grotefend	Leibniz: Album aus den Handschriften der Kniglichen Bibliothek zu Hannover, ed. C. L. Grotefend (Hanover, 1846).
Grua	Leibniz: Textes indits, ed. Gaston Grua (Paris: 1948).
Guhrauer	Leibnitzs Deutsche Schriften, ed. G. E. Guhrauer (Berlin, 1838).
Klopp	Die Werke von Leibniz. Erste Reihe: Historisch-politische und staatswissenschaftliche Schriften, 11 vols., ed. Onno Klopp (Hanover, 186484).
Kortholt	Epistolae ad diversos, theologici, iuridici, medici, phil-sophici, mathematici, historici et philologici argumenti, ed. Christian Kortholt (Leipzig, 1734).
MK	Kurt Mller and Gisela Krnert, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: Leben und Werk. Eine Chronik (Frankfurt am Main: Klostermann, 1969).
NO	Georgii Ernesti Stahlii Negotium otiosum: Seu aaa adversus positiones aliquas fundamentales Theoriae verae medicae (Halle, 1720).
OH	Otium hanoveranum, sive Miscellanea ex ore & schedis illustris Viri, piae memoriae Godofr. Guilielm. Leibnitii, ed. Joachim Friedrich Feller (Leipzig: Johann Christian Martin, 1718).
Pertz	Leibnizens gesammelte Werke, ed. Georg Heinrich Pertz. 4 vols. (Hanover, 184347).
Ravier	Bibliographie des oeuvres de Leibniz, ed. E. Ravier (Paris, 1937; repr. Hildesheim, 1966).
RC	Discourse on the Natural Theology of the Chinese, trans. and ed. Henry Rosemount Jr. and Daniel J. Cook (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1977).
WBG	Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: Philosophische Schriften, ed. and trans. Hans Heinz Holz, 5 vols. (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesselschaft, 1985).

Other philosophers:

AA	Immanuel Kant, Gesammelte Schriften, ed. Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Kniglich Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften (Berlin, 1902).
AT	Ren Descartes, Oeuvres de Descartes, ed. Charles Adam and Paul Tannery (Paris: J. Vrin, 1970).
OCM	Nicolas Malebranche, Oeuvres compltes de Malebranche

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