Walter E. Samuelson - Memory Mastery: How to Improve Memory Blazingly Fast! The Secrets to Learning Faster, Gaining More Clarity, Easily Recalling Details & Significantly Increasing Your Memory Capacity
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Memory Mastery
The Untold Secrets to Unlocking the True Power of Your Memory
By Walter E. Samuelson
Copyright 2015
Table of Contents
The human brain is a marvel from every conceivable standpoint. It surpasses all attempts at understanding, mainly because we all rely on it to gain that understanding.
One of the most important functions of the brain is memory. There are a great many ways to strengthen the memory and many areas to strengthen, much as there are many exercises to strengthen various parts of the body. The purpose of this book is to help all who are interested in strengthening their memory to do so with measurable results.
Before getting into ways to improve memory, we will look at several theories about memory and how it works.
Memory refers to the process of taking information and encoding and storing it, then retrieving it for usage later. Information encoding takes the raw sensory data from the outside world and puts it into a form the brain can process and use. Information storage maintains the collected data in our mind where it can be retrieved later. The retrieval process is the final stage, the act of taking the data out of storage and returning it to our consciousness.
There is more than one kind of memory. Some of the main memory types are sensory memory , short-term memory , and long-term memory.
Sensory memory lasts for less than a second, making it the element of memory with the shortest endurance. This type of memory retains sensory data once the actual stimuli have ceased.
Sensory memory acts as a type of buffer for the information that is taken in by means of the senses. When this information is received, the brain either ignores and discards it or accepts and perceives it. If accepted, it goes into sensory memory. Unlike other types of memory, conscious effort does not control sensory memory. This means that using rehearsal and other enhancement methods will not prolong sensory memory, though they do effectively prolong other types of memory.
Because the information obtained by sensory memory lasts for only one to two fifths of a second, some lump it in with the process of perception itself. Despite that, it is an absolutely necessary part of the forming and storing of short-term memory.
Each sense is remembered using a different process. The memory for audio data or aural stimuli is called echoic memory , and touch sensations are known as haptic memory . Visual data is often called the iconic memory , and smells are called olfactory memories . Experiments done in the 1960s suggest that there is a limit on sensory memory to about a dozen separate items, although this limit differs between individuals somewhat.
The ability of the brain to selectively filter information plays an important role in how information moves from sensory memory into short-term memory.
Short-term memory acts as a kind of buffer between sensory memory and long-term memory. You can think of short-term memory as similar to RAM in a computer. It holds information for quick access for a short period, while long term memory is like the hard drive, where information is stored long term.
You can also think of short-term memory as the brain's scratch pad, where things are written and erased frequently. The amount of information short-term memory can hold varies but is rarely higher than seven items without special training to strengthen it. By using the methods in this book, you will be able to strengthen short-term memory, giving you a larger scratch-pad to work with.
As time goes on, the aging process, certain medical conditions, and simply not having a brain-healthy lifestyle can diminish the capacity of short term memory, which can make it more difficult for information to be moved to long-term memory storage. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is imperative to maintaining a healthy memory, be it short term or long term.
Long-term memory is quite different and significantly more complex than both sensory and short-term memory. Going back to our analogy of a computer, long-term memory is much like the hard disk, where things are stored permanently, to be accessed when needed, not temporarily. There are a number of types of long term memory, some of which are not fully understood. We will look at two here, explicit and implicit memory .
Explicit memory refers to recollection of experiences. It works like a replay of experiences from the past. Explicit memory recollection is done both consciously and intentionally.
There are several types of explicit memory. One of these is episodic memory, which consists primarily of the recalling of situations and events from a persons life. Interestingly, these memories do not need to be things that happened to the person remembering them, but can also be things that happened near them and were significant. Whenever you reminisce about your past, your brain is going through its collection of episodic memories.
Implicit memory is a form of memory that is retrieved and used unconsciously, as opposed to explicit memory, which requires a conscious effort to retrieve. As a concrete example, take driving lessons. When you take a written test about driving, you are using explicit memory to recall the answers to the questions on the test, while the improved driving skill because of the lessons is an example of implicit memory.
Procedural memory is one type of implicit memory that allows us to perform tasks we have learned how to do without specifically thinking about them. It consists of things we have learned to do automatically, like riding a bicycle or eating. Although we can do such tasks without even thinking about them, it is often difficult to explain exactly how we do them. When a person gets amnesia, despite forgetting much or even all of their personal life, they often keep procedural memory and can still function normally in many ways despite having no memory of the past.
Implicit memories are also generated through a process known as priming. The brain is "primed" by experiences; so if you have heard something very recently, or many more times than another thing, you are primed to recall it more quickly.
As an example, if you were asked to recall an animal with a name beginning with the letters Ca, you would most likely answer cat, unless there was some close connection in your mind to a different animal that started with the same letters, such as a canary. A second example would be to recall your favorite food, song, or movie.
A holistic approach is the best way of improving your memory. Your cognitive functioning is affected by just about everything about you: your physical and mental state, what you eat, what kind of environments you live in, your sleeping patterns, and even what kinds of recreation you indulge in. In this chapter, we will look at some of the lifestyle changes you make that can improve your memory.
We all know that exercise is a necessity for sound physical health. The dangers of a sedentary lifestyle include problems as diverse as obesity, a weakened immune system, and cardiovascular disease. The beneficial effect of exercise on memory has also been demonstrated in study after study, especially for older people. Studies of people with mild cognitive impairment showed that their memory noticeably improved after resistance training (weight lifting and other strength-building exercises), and even more after aerobic exercise. Exercising regularly can benefit memory indirectly by increasing lung capacity and blood circulation, thus delivering more oxygen and sugar to the brain.
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