ANGELS AND BELIEF IN ENGLAND, 14801700
RELIGIOUS CULTURES IN THE EARLY MODERN WORLD
Series Editors: | Fernando Cervantes |
Peter Marshall |
Philip Soergel |
TITLES IN THIS SERIES
1 Possession, Puritanism and Print: Darrell, Harsnett, Shakespeare and the Elizabethan Exorcism Controversy
Marion Gibson
2 Visions of an Unseen World: Ghost Beliefs and Ghost Stories in Eighteenth-Century England
Sasha Handley
3 Diabolism in Colonial Peru
Andrew Redden
4 Sacred History and National Identity: Comparisons between Early Modern Wales and Brittany
Jason Nice
5 Monstrous Births and Visual Culture in Sixteenth-Century Germany
Jennifer Spinks
6 The Religious Culture of Marian England
David Loades
FORTHCOMING TITLES
Religious Space in Reformation England: Contesting the Past
Susan Guinn-Chipman
The Laudians and the Elizabethan Church: History, Conformity and Religious Identity in Post-Reformation England Calvin Lane
ANGELS AND BELIEF IN ENGLAND, 14801700
BY
Laura Sangha
First published 2012 by Pickering & Chatto (Publishers) Limited
Published 2016 by Routledge
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Taylor & Francis 2012
Laura Sangha 2012
To the best of the Publishers knowledge every effort has been made to contact relevant copyright holders and to clear any relevant copyright issues. Any omissions that come to their attention will be remedied in future editions.
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BRITISH LIBRARY CATALOGUING IN PUBLICATION DATA
Sangha, Laura.
Angels and belief in England, 14801700. (Religious cultures in the early
modern world)
1. Angels Christianity History of doctrines 16th century. 2. Angels
Christianity History of doctrines 17th century. 3. England Religion
16th century. 4. England Religion 17th century.
I. Title II. Series
235.309420903dc22
ISBN-13: 978-1-84893-145-9 (hbk)
Typeset by Pickering & Chatto (Publishers) Limited
CONTENTS
This monograph is founded on my doctoral research, so I would like to extend my warm thanks to the Arts and Humanities Research Council, the Warwick Institute of Advanced Study, and the Warwick Humanities Research Centre for their generous financial support. Intellectually, I have been the beneficiary of the insights and comments of numerous conference, workshop and seminar audiences over the years. I am particularly indebted to the organisers and participants of the 2008 Newberry Mellon Project workshop: a uniquely formative academic and personal milestone. At the University of Warwick I was privileged to be part of a vibrant history department with an incredibly rich research culture, and I would like to extend my gratitude to all the staff and students who made my time there so rewarding.
Two colleagues that I would particularly like to mention are Katherine Foxhall and Catherine Rider, both of whom generously proofread various sections of the manuscript. I would like to offer special thanks to those that I consider to be the guardian angels of this project. Bernard Capp not only read and offered his expertise on my doctoral thesis, but also generously passed on angelic gleanings from his own research, many of which have been incorporated into this book. Alex Walsham similarly provided constructive and insightful thoughts on my research, and I am also extremely grateful to her for allowing me to read various articles and chapters prior to their publication. Both as my doctoral supervisor and subsequently, Peter Marshall has proven an inexhaustible source of knowledge, advice, encouragement, friendship, and much more, and I thank him for his patience and guidance in helping me to reach this stage.
Finally, I must acknowledge the tireless support, invaluable advice, and persistent optimism of Mark Hailwood, without whom this would be a far worse book. It has been a delight to be able to see the angels off as part of a team. The book is dedicated to my family: Jacqui, S, Rachael and Russ.
Exeter Quayside, October 2011
HJ | Historical Journal |
JEH | Journal of Ecclesiastical History |
ODNB | Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |
P&P | Past and Present |
PS | Parker Society |
A generation of men there is, who would have all the talk and enquiry about Angels and Spirits to pass for Old-wives stories, or at best the waking-dreams of persons idly disposed Now, what pity and shame is it, when the holy Scriptures have told us so much and plainly concerning this excellent sort of Creatures, and the good turns we receive continually from their Attendance and Ministry, and the admirable vertues we have to copy out in their Example; and we Christians profess to expect the happiness of being made like unto them, and blessd hereafter in their Society; we should yet continue so profane, and sceptical, and indifferent in our belief, esteem, thoughts, and speeches about them?
Despite what Protestant minister Benjamin Camfield suggests in this passage, angels, those spiritual beings that were one step down from God, one step up from men in the universal hierarchy, were not considered Old-Wives tales in early modern England. Rather, faith in the reality of their existence was commonplace. Belief about angels was a mainstay of the Christian church, and numerous responsibilities and theological assumptions were associated with these evocative and often mysterious supernatural beings.
In recent decades historians of the early modern period have become increasingly interested in many aspects of the supernatural, and subjects such as prodigies, portents, miracles and ghost stories have all attracted greater notice, supplementing the already extensive scholarship on witchcraft and demonology. The result has been a rich body of literature that has greatly expanded our understanding and appreciation of the early modern world, and the beliefs and expectations that informed contemporary mentalities. However, the above lamentation of Benjamin Camfield, in the foreword to his 1678 A theological discourse of angels and their ministries, is one that could be repeated by twenty-first century scholars, because within the existing literature angels are one aspect of the supernatural that have remained a diffusely handled topic.
Since it is a commonplace of early modern studies that the mental universe of contemporaries was infused by Aristotelian contraries, the neglect of the good angels at the expense of the evil is particularly surprising. In