Rough Guides - The Rough Guide to Psychology
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Why are we the way we are For over a hundred years psychologists have been conducting scientific experiments to find out. The Rough Guide to Psychologystarts with you, your mind and brain, broadens out to your friends and other relationships, then onto crowds, mobs and religion. There are also sections on real-life psychology, showing how the latest research is relevant to crime, schooling, sports, politics, shopping, and health. There are opportunities to test your own memory, intelligence, personality, and much more, as well as advice on everything from pick-up lines to creativity.
This book takes a fresh look at the classic cases and studies, from Phineas Gage to Milgram, and combines this with a cutting-edge round-up of the latest research. The last section deals with what happens when the mind falters, covering depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, as well as more unusual conditions. Care is taken throughout to ensure conclusions are tied to the latest high quality psychological science.
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Publishing information
This first edition published April 2011 by
Rough Guides Ltd., 80 Strand, London, WC2R 0RL
www.roughguides.com
Distributed by the Penguin Group:
Penguin Books Ltd. 80 Strand, London, WC2R 0RL
The publishers and authors have done their best to ensure the accuracy and currency of all information in The Rough Guide to Psychology; however, they can accept no responsibility for any loss or inconvenience sustained by any reader as a result of its information or advice.
No part of this guide may be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher except for the quotation of brief passages in reviews.
Dr Christian Jarrett, 2010
ISBN 13: 978-1-84836-460-8
This Digital Edition published 2011. ISBN: 9781405388795
E-Book format prepared by DK Digital, London and DK Digital Media, Delhi.
The UK government has just announced plans to start measuring the happiness of the countrys citizens. Together with frequent brain-based science breakthroughs and endless media comment on mental health, work stress and celebrity breakdowns, its yet another sign of how psychological issues are higher up the public agenda than ever before.
Psychology is about turning the objective scientific approach inwards to study ourselves and why we behave the way we do. Conjecture and intuition are put to one side and potential explanations are tested with experiments, just as they are in more traditional sciences.
Psychology isnt perfect. Most of its experiments are conducted with participants from the industrialized West, often with small sample sizes and findings too rarely followed up over time. That doesnt mean we should reject it as a pseudoscience. On the contrary, by recognizing the value of quality psychological research and providing the discipline with adequate funding and resources, we all gain whether through reducing prejudice or improving treatments for mental health, or by finding more effective ways to combat global problems such as climate change.
The Rough Guide to Psychology brings you up to speed with the very latest findings from hundreds of psychology experiments. It tells you about the disciplines history as well as the latest interpretations of classic experiments, such as Stanley Milgrams controversial research into obedience, and famous case studies, like that of Phineas Gage, the nineteenth-century railway worker who survived an iron rod passing through his brain.
This is not a textbook and the material isnt always arranged by sub-discipline, the way psychology tends to be studied in schools and universities. Instead, it starts with you, the reader, working outwards to your personal relationships and then on to society at large. Later sections deal with the way psychology is applied to the real world, for example in politics, business and education. Finally, the focus shifts to psychological problems, including depression, anxiety and schizophrenia, and to therapeutic approaches, from psychoanalysis to Cognitive Behavioural Therapy.
The guide contains frequent references to experiments and case studies, and, wherever possible, names and dates are provided to help you track down the original research online. By the end, youll have discovered that many psychological findings are humbling were far more flawed and error-prone than we like to think. Youll also have discovered how psychology can be used to navigate these weaknesses, exploit our strengths and improve peoples lives, not just through therapy but in every sphere of contemporary life in industry, in schools and in hospitals. There is so much more to learn, and the guide ends with a list of useful resources from websites and blogs to books and organizations.
Many thanks to Ruth Tidball and Joe Staines at Rough Guides: Ruth for proposing the guide and her warm encouragement in the early months; Joe for his diligent editing and many constructive suggestions.
Id like to thank the British Psychological Society and in particular my editor there, Jon Sutton, for the opportunities given to me. Much of my knowledge of psychology research and trends is derived from the work that Im lucky enough to do for them.
Im grateful to Klaus Scherer at the Centre for Affective Sciences for permission to adapt some text on emotion that I wrote previously for the Centres website. Thanks also to Tom Stafford whose conference presentation provided the inspiration for the light adaptation, and to Vaughan Bell whose writing and links on the Mind Hacks blog are an endlessly valuable resource.
I read many books in preparation for writing this guide and Id like to acknowledge several of the authors whose writing I found particularly informative and inspiring. These include: Steven Pinker, Dan Ariely, Matt Ridley, James Surowiecki and Alison Gopnik.
Im grateful too to the authors of countless articles published in The Psychologist, New Scientist, The APS Observer and Scientific American Mind, from which I learned so much. Id also like to recognize the hard work and ingenuity of the many psychologists whose research and ideas are discussed in this guide.
Thanks to my mother, Linda, for encouraging me on the path to writing many years ago. And most of all, thank you to my beloved wife Jude: I couldnt have done it without you!
Christian Jarrett, 2010
Take a seat in a bustling bar or caf and youll doubtless hear energetic discussions about who did what to whom and why. Thats because were all psychologists at heart. Rare is the person who doesnt wish to understand him or herself better. Who isnt interested in improving their relationships with the people they live and work with? Visit a school and see an ink-stained teacher struggling to engage a class of recalcitrant children. Listen as a nurse urges a heart-attack survivor to stop smoking. Gatecrash a tense board meeting where managers are persuading overworked staff to go the extra mile. Marvel as hoards head herd-like for the beach on a scorching summers day. Psychology, literally the study of the mind, is about all this and much more. Its the science of why we think and behave the way we do, alone and in our relationships, and its findings are relevant to every aspect of our lives.
The difference between professional psychologists and the rest of us is that they know what they dont know. They are the ultimate sceptics. From the caf to the boardroom, youre likely to find people using intuition their gut instincts in their attempts to understand or influence other people. Psychologists, by contrast, strive to be objective about the subjective. They measure, test, observe, report, verify and repeat. They propose dispassionate hypotheses for why people behave the way they do, and then perform experiments, gathering evidence to test whether those hypotheses stand up to scrutiny.
In the teachers common room, the new recruit struggling with a boisterous class seeks the advice of an older colleague. Punish any trouble-makers and show them whos boss, the veteran teacher says. Anecdotally, such an approach may have seemed effective for this particular teacher, but is that really what works? Perhaps the novice teacher isnt giving enough praise, or doesnt talk enough to the pupils. A psychologist wont just take anyones word for it. Theyll directly test the effects of different teaching styles. They might allocate different kinds of teachers to different classrooms and compare outcomes. Or perhaps theyll seek out schools with alternative approaches and collect as much evidence as they can for what kind of approach works best. The section looks at what research in this area has found.
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