N. T. Wright, a native of Northumberland, took a double first in Classics and Theology at Oxford and went on to complete his doctorate there on Pauline theology. He taught New Testament in Cambridge, McGill and Oxford universities, and worked in chaplaincy and other church contexts, before becoming Bishop of Durham in 2003 and then Professor of New Testament and Early Christianity in St Andrews in 2010. He is now Senior Research Fellow at Wycliffe Hall in Oxford. He has written more than eighty books and hundreds of articles, and has broadcast frequently on radio, TV and in podcasts. His online courses at www.ntwrightonline.org now have an audience of over 40,000 in more than 180 countries.
Professor Wright is married to Maggie, with four adult children and five grandchildren. He lists golf, poetry and the Isle of Harris among his keen interests.
ZONDERVAN ACADEMIC
Interpreting Jesus
Copyright 2020 by N. T. Wright
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Unless otherwise noted, Scripture quotations taken from the Old Testament are either the authors own translation or taken or adapted from the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible, with Apocrypha, Anglicized Edition, copyright 1989, 1995 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the USA. Used by permission. All rights reserved; Scripture quotations from the New Testament are either the authors own translation or from his published translation, The New Testament for Everyone (SPCK, 2019; US edn, The Kingdom New Testament, Zondervan HarperCollins, 2012) 2011, 2019
Scripture quotation marked AV from the Authorized Version of the Bible (The King James Bible), the rights in which are vested in the Crown, is reproduced by permission of the Crowns Patentee, Cambridge University Press.
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For the principal, staff and students
at Wycliffe Hall, Oxford
Jesus and the four gospels have been near the heart of my work, both scholarly and popular, throughout my adult life. Though I have published more overall on Paul and his letters, I have constantly come back to the questions raised by the four gospels. The present volume collects together the essays that led up to Jesus and the Victory of God (1996) and that have tried to take forward various related discussions from that point.
I am grateful to the many publishers and editors who have given permission for these pieces to be made available in this way, and to my friends and publishers at SPCK and Zondervan for their work behind the scenes. I am greatly indebted to my research assistants Simon Drr and Ethan Johnson for their painstaking work in scanning the original documents, inserting pagination with relevant page numbers in square brackets, lightly editing where typographical mistakes had crept in, and inserting occasional references to relevant material published subsequently (including to other essays in the present volume). No attempt has been made, of course, to smooth out any internal contradictions or indeed repetitions. My views on various subjects displayed here have undergone a mostly gentle development, though not without some sudden leaps, and anyone interested in observing such changes will find plenty of material here.
Throughout the present volume, unless otherwise stated, quotations in English from the New Testament are either my own translation or taken from my published translation The New Testament for Everyone (SPCK, 2019), known in the USA as The Kingdom New Testament (Zondervan HarperCollins, 2012). As in that work, I always use lower-case s for spirit, not because I hold a low view of the third person of the Trinity but because, in the first century, the early Christian use of the common and polysemous word pneuma had to make its own way without such help. Quotations from the Old Testament are either my own translation or taken or adapted from the New Revised Standard Version with Apocrypha, Anglicized (1995 edition). When quoting from the NRSV, I have replaced the term the L ORD with the name YHWH .
N. T. Wright
St Marys College, St Andrews
Trinity 2019
1 Stylistic Shorthands
ad loc. | at the [relevant] place |
cf. | confer |
ch(s). | chapter(s) |
contra | against |
cp. | compare |
ed(s). | edited by, editors |
edn. | edition(s) |
e.g. | for example |
esp. | especially |
et al. | and others |
etc. | et cetera |
f. | and the following |
frag. | fragment |
i.e. | that is |
n. | (foot/end)note(s) |
pace | with all due respect to different opinion |
par. | parallel (in the synoptic tradition) |
passim | throughout |
refs. | reference(s) |
repr. | reprinted |
rev. | revision/revised by |
sic | thus (acknowledging an error in the original) |
s.v. | under the word(s) |
tr. | translation/translated by |
v(v). | verse(s) |
vol(s). | volume(s) |
2 Primary Sources
1 En. | 1 Enoch |
1 Macc. | 1 Maccabees |
1QS | Rule of the Community |
1QSa | Rule of the Congregation |
2 Macc. | 2 Maccabees |
4 Ez. | 4 Ezra |
4 Macc. | 4 Maccabees |
4Q174 | Midrash on Eschatology |
4Q246 | Apocryphon of Daniel |
4Q521 | Messianic Apocalypse |
4QDibHam | Words of the Luminaries |
4QMMT | Halakhic Letter |
Barn. | Barnabas |
bYom. | Babylonian Talmud, Yoma |
Eus. Hist. Eccl. | Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History |