Praise for The Telomerase Revolution
The Telomerase Revolution is a remarkable book, telling a fascinating story that pulls together at last a single coherent theory of how and why growing old leads to so many different forms of illness. It also offers a tantalizing promise that we might soon know not only how to cure and prevent age-related diseases, but how to reset the aging process itself. Michael Fossel is a radical optimist.
Matt Ridley, author of Genome and The Rational Optimist
The Telomerase Revolution breaks down centuries of human thought on aging and uproots outdated ideologies that have led to nothing but worthless snake oil products. Dr. Fossels exciting book is opening doors to extended healthspan that can change human history, and its all grounded in solid scientific research.
Noel Patton, founder and chairman of T.A. Sciences
Michael Fossels compelling argument for the telomere approach to reversing aging isnt just worth a lookits like reading the words of Virgil as he leads us along the mysteries of aging.
Alexey Olovnikov, PhD, Institute of Biochemical Physics and Russian Academy of Sciences
Dr. Fossel has made a superb case for his belief that telomeres and telomerase play an essential role in the biology of aging both in humans and in other animals. His views were once in the minority, but more recent advances in how these molecules work have made his present book a valuable contribution to our understanding of the fundamental biology of aging. Adding to its value is that it is clearly written and well organized.
Leonard Hayflick, PhD, Professor of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco
Aging is not an irreversible degenerative process, but an epigenetically determined physiological mechanism, which must not be confused with age-related diseases caused by lifestyle choices. Here, we have an effective and clear guide to understanding how we get old and how to tame aging in a few years.
Giacinto Libertini, MD, member of the Italian Society of Evolutionary Biology
THE
TELOMERASE
REVOLUTION
First hardcover edition 2015 by Michael Fossel
First trade paperback edition 2017
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews.
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First E-Book Edition: October 2015.
ISBN 978-1-944648-33-6 (trade paperback)
The Library of Congress has cataloged the hardcover edition as follows:
Fossel, Michael.
The telomerase revolution : the enzyme that holds the key to human aging, and will soon lead to longer, healthier lives / Michael Fossel.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-941631-69-0 (hardback) ISBN 978-1-941631-70-6 (electronic) 1. AgingMolecular aspects. 2. Telomerase. I. Title.
QP86.F69 2015
612.67dc23
2015026608
Editing by Erin Kelley
Copyediting by Eric Wechter
Proofreading by Jenny Bridges and Lisa Story
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Artwork by Aaron Edmiston
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Cover design by Sarah Avinger
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To those with minds open to logic and eyes open to data: May others be as open to you as you are to the world around you.
To those who, aging and suffering, hear others tell you nothing can be done: Theyre wrong.
Contents
1665: | Robert Hooke discovers that organisms are made up of cells. |
1889: | Charles-douard Brown-Squard, a pioneer in endocrinology, claims that injected extracts of animal testis tissue (guinea pigs, dogs, monkeys) rejuvenates humans and prolongs life. |
1917: | Alexis Carrel begins thirty-four-year in vitro experiment with chicken-heart cells, apparently showing that individual cells are immortal. Carrels research becomes a scientific paradigm until it is disproven in 1961. |
1930s: | Serge Voronoff implants testes and ovaries of chimpanzees and monkeys in humans as anti-aging therapy. |
1934: | Mary Crowell and Clive McCay of Cornell University double the life expectancy of laboratory rats through severe calorie restriction. To date, this has not been definitively duplicated in humans or other primates. |
1938: | Hermann Muller discovers the telomere, a structure at the ends of chromosomes. |
1940: | Barbara McClintock describes telomeres function as protecting the ends of chromosomes. She later wins the Nobel Prize. |
1961: | Leonard Hayflick exposes the procedural error in Carrels experiment and introduces the concept of the Hayflick Limit, which shows that the cells of any given multicellular species divide a limited number of times before they become aged and dysfunctional (e.g., forty times in human fibroblasts). |
1971: | Russian scientist Alexey Olovnikov publishes a hypothesis that telomere shortening is the mechanism responsible for the Hayflick Limit. |
1972: | Denham Harmon publishes mitochondrial free-radical theory of aging. |
1990: | Michael West founds Geron Corporation with the initial goal of finding a way to intervene in the aging process based on telomere research. |
1992: | Calvin Harley and his colleagues discover that patients with Hutchinson-Gilford progeria, a genetic disease in which children die of old age by the age of 13, are born with short telomeres. |
1993: | Michael Fossel begins work, based on Gerons research, on the first book about the developing understanding of how and why aging occurs. Reversing Human Aging is published in 1996. |
19971998: | First peer-reviewed articles appear in the Journal of the American Medical Association suggesting that telomerase might be used to treat age-related diseases, authored by Michael Fossel. |
1999: | Geron demonstrates that telomere shortening is not only related to cell aging but causes it, and that re-lengthening telomeres resets aging in cells. |
2000: | Geron patents the use of astragalosides for use as telomerase activators. |
Early 2000s: | Geron and other research laboratories show that lengthening telomeres reverses aging not only in cells but in human tissues. Rita Effros conducts research at UCLA on immune aging and telomerase activators. |