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Koleva Dessi A. - Concrete durability: cementitious materials and reinforced concrete properties, behavior and corrosion resistance

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Concrete durability: cementitious materials and reinforced concrete properties, behavior and corrosion resistance
Author:
Koleva Dessi A / Rendon Diaz Miron Luis Emilio
Publisher:
Springer International Publishing
Genre:
Books / Romance novel
Year:
2017
City:
Cham;Switzerland
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3 / 5
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Concrete durability: cementitious materials and reinforced concrete properties, behavior and corrosion resistance: summary, description and annotation

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This book describes the newest developments in the creation of concrete using smart additives and supplementary cementitious materials as well as methods, technology and novel admixtures to monitor, evaluate and control steel corrosion in reinforced concrete. Industry experts and research specialists explain the structural, physical, and chemical properties of various types of concrete and its applications. They detail the characteristics preferred for manufacturing specific types of concrete. The book chapters also focus on the electrochemical state of the steel reinforcement in view of steel corrosion and corrosion control. The book encompasses main aspects as follows: Characterizes supplementary cementitious materials used for making concrete; Details the properties of concrete and the components, essential for concrete manufacturing including Portland cement, calcium sulfate, fly ash, and cupola slag; Explains the necessary treatments for the preparation of concrete during the manufacturing process. Describes the major durability-related challenge for reinforced concrete structures i.e. chloride-induced steel corrosion, in view of sensors and sensor technology for early corrosion detection. Defines stray-current induced corrosion and the consequences for both steel and concrete bulk matrix. Illustrates the potential of hybrid nano-materials to affect both steel and concrete, targeting corrosion control and superior performance of reinforced concrete structures. Targets dissemination of fundamentally substantiated mechanisms and verification of innovative applications, in view of bringing confidence for industrial utilization of novel solutions or practices in civil engineering -- OhioLink Library Catalog.

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Springer International Publishing AG 2017

Luis Emilio Rendon Diaz Miron and Dessi A. Koleva (eds.) Concrete Durability 10.1007/978-3-319-55463-1_1

1. The Effect of Microorganisms on Concrete Weathering

Luis Emilio Rendon Diaz Miron 1 and Montserrat Rendon Lara 2

(1)

Universidad Internacional (UNINTER), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico

(2)

Centre of Arts of the State of Morelos, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico

Luis Emilio Rendon Diaz Miron

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Abstract

Concrete structures exposed to aggressive aqueous media (waste water, soft water, fresh water, ground water, sea water, agricultural or agro-industrial environments), due to their porous nature, are susceptible to a variety of degradation processes resulting from the ingress and/or presence of water. In addition to chemical and physical degradation processes, the presence of water contributes to undesirable changes in the material properties resulting from the activities of living organisms, i.e., biodeterioration. Since microorganisms are ubiquitous in almost every habitat and possess an amazingly diversified metabolic versatility, their presence on building materials is quite normal often, they can infer deterioration that can be detrimental (loss of alkalinity, erosion, spalling of the concrete skin, corrosion of rebars, loss of water- or air tightness, etc.). The deleterious effect of microorganisms, mainly bacteria and fungi, on the cementitious matrix has been found to be linked, on the one hand, with the production of aggressive metabolites (acids, CO2, sulfur compounds, etc.) but also, on the other hand, with some specific, physical and chemical effects of the microorganisms themselves through the formation of biofilm on the surface. Moreover, the intrinsic properties of the cementitious matrix (porosity, roughness, mineralogical and/or chemical composition) can also influence the biofilm characteristics, but these phenomena have not been understood thoroughly as of yet.

These deteriorations lead to a significant increase in the cost of repairing structures and to loss of production income, but may also lead to pollution issues resulting, for example, from waste water leakage to the environment. Also, building facades, and notably concrete external walls, can be affected by biological stains, which alter aesthetical quality of the construction, sometimes very quickly, and lead to significant cleaning costs. Microorganisms, mainly algae, responsible for these alterations have been quite well identified. Research is now rather focused on determining colonization mechanisms, and notably influencing material-related factors, and on development of preventive or curative, and preferentially environmentally friendly, solutions to protect external walls. However, up to now, no clear results about the efficiency of these various protection solutions are available.

Keywords

Concrete Weathering Microorganisms Deterioration

1.1 Introduction

Concrete is probably one of the oldest engineering and structural materials. There are many types of concrete available, created by varying the proportions of the main ingredients. In this way or by substitution for the cementitious and aggregate phases, the finished product can be tailored to its application with varying strength, density, or chemical and thermal resistance properties. At the same time, concrete can be damaged by many processes, such as the expansion of corrosion products of the steel reinforcement bars, freezing of trapped water, fire or radiant heat, aggregate expansion, sea water effects, bacterial corrosion, leaching, erosion by fast-flowing water, physical damage and chemical damage. Bacterial corrosion also known as microbiologically induced corrosion of concrete ( MICC) or biodeterioration of concrete is one of the most serious problems, most of these concrete failures occur in sewerage works. Furthermore, most of the measurements to prevent concrete failures are design to be used in hydraulic infrastructure to avoid repairs and replacements. Not only is the replacement of sewer pipes very expensive, but also sewer-pipe failure causes leaking sewage systems and extensive damage to roads and pavements. Thus, it is of great importance to find ways to control any damage processes in these systems.

1.2 Chemical and Physical Weathering

1.2.1 Chemical Weathering

A frequent and common form of chemical weathering is the sulfates attack on concrete, where cured concrete in the presence of moisture can be attack susceptible by sulfates. Those sulfates may be present in the water or from other sources. Attack occurs when the sulfates are able to react with the free lime released during hydration of the Portland cement and with calcium aluminates present in the cement. This reaction results in the formation of a range of sulfate compounds including gypsum and ettringite which is a hydrous calcium aluminum sulfate with formula: Ca6Al2 (SO4) 3(OH) 1226H2O. Because these compounds occupy a greater volume than the original concrete compounds, they cause expansion and the eventual failure of the concrete. Typical sulfate-resistant cements are considered to be low calcium aluminates (C3A) such as Portland cements type V according to ASTM specification and blended Portland cements containing pozzolan or slag because pozzolanic materials, slag, and fly ash additions neutralizes portlandite and prevents the formation of ettringite, see Eqs..

11 12 122 Physical Weathering Physical weathering is caused - photo 1

(1.1)

(1.2)

1.2.2 Physical Weathering

Physical weathering is caused by the effects of changing temperature on rocks (concrete too), causing the rock to break apart. The process is sometimes assisted by water. There are two main types of physical weathering:

First freeze-thaw occurs when water continually seeps into cracks, freezes and expands, eventually breaking the rock apart.
Second exfoliation occurs as cracks develop parallel to the land surface a consequence of the reduction in pressure during uplift and erosion. Concrete structures are slowly and progressively affected by various natural weathering actions such as cyclic thermal changes, alternate wetting and drying. Physical weathering usually occurs in situ, without movement, when movement is involved weathering is augmented by erosion, which involves the movement of rocks and minerals by agents such as water, ice, snow, wind, waves and gravity and then being transported and deposited in other locations.

1.3 Microbiological Weathering

1.3.1 Microbiological Weathering

In addition to physical and chemical degradation processes, the presence of water contributes to undesirable changes in the material properties resulting from the activities of living organisms, i.e., biodeterioration . Since microorganisms are ubiquitous in almost every habitat and possess an amazingly diversified metabolic versatility, their presence on building materials is quite normal. Often, they can infer that can be detrimental (loss of alkalinity, erosion, spalling of the concrete skin, corrosion of rebars).

Concerning microbiological weathering, most of the concrete hydraulic structures and sewage collection systems damage suffers this kind of damage as a result of a sequence of processes involving biochemical transformations of sulfates and sulfur compounds in this material by the action of anaerobic and aerobic bacteria of the Acidithiobacillus , a genus of Proteobacteria . Like all Proteobacteria, Acidithiobacillus is Gram-negative. The members of this genus used to belong to Thiobacillus , before they were reclassified in the year 2000. With this genus the main deterioration tool is biogenic sulfuric acid. Several authors have described this problem [.

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