INVESTMENT: A HISTORY
Columbia University Press
Publishers Since 1893
New York Chichester, West Sussex
cup.columbia.edu
Copyright 2016 Norton H. Reamer
All rights reserved
E-ISBN 978-0-231-54085-8
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015953162
A Columbia University Press E-book.
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COVER DESIGN: Jordan Wannemacher
References to Internet websites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the authors nor Columbia University Press are responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared.
To my wife, Rita, who made my life.
Norton
For my parents, John and Ann-Marie, and my siblings, Janelle and Brendan, for braising me in the stew of adventure, affection, compassion, curiosity, and mirth over the years.
Jesse
Contents
THIS BOOK IS the product of many hands, many minds, and many long hours. We began the project five years ago and have been actively pursuing it ever since. We are going to try to thank everyone seriously involved in it, but there will be inevitable lapses. For these we apologize.
The project has been an inspiring one. The canvas is vast; the subject more than deserving of a broad, detailed, and critical treatment. Everybody rejoices or complains about the role of investment in the world, but heretofore nobody seems to have acknowledged what it really is. Weve tried to remedy that deficiency. Hopefully, weve made a credible start. The assignment is daunting, the work important and taxing, and the need, in our view, is great.
We have benefitted from a wonderful team of Research Associates, mostly economics majors at Harvard College but also undergraduates, graduate students, and recent graduates in other subjects and from other universities. They are: Yueran Ma, Rajiv Tarigopula, Xiaoxiao Wu, Charles Smith, Adam Chu, Amy Friedman, Mo Chen, and Albert Cui. They have our thanks for their substantial efforts.
Our last and longest-serving Research Associate has been Henry Shull. Norton has referred to Henry, not always out of his hearing, as our vacuum cleaner. The truth is just the opposite. Henry was always adding, not subtracting, vital material. There is no counting how many times he has rescued us.
Katherine Walsh, our executive assistant for the last three years, has been a rock solid member of the team as well. Her cheerful efficiency and remarkable resourcefulness have underpinned a massive portion of our total effort. Before Katherine, Sandy Brewer was a wonderful and also upbeat mainstay of our early progress.
In addition, two consultants played important roles. Almost throughout the life of the project, John Butman, himself an accomplished author, counseled us on how to navigate book creation, publishing, and promotion. He has been a great adviser, collaborator on project management, and friend. Anna Weiss, who worked with John, is very talented and always helpful. Another indispensable consultant has been Alyssa Stalsberg Canelli, who helped us with editing, especially in the dauntingly immortal , which covers, by some reckoning, more than 5,000 years!
Finally, we want to thank our team from Columbia including Myles Thompson, our publisher, who believed in us without undue coaxing and let us run, and our editors Bridget Flannery-McCoy, who was a tough task master, Stephen Wesley, and Elizabeth King who organized the production, copyediting, and page proof processes.
IN THE WAKE of the global financial crisis of 20072009, investment was on peoples minds. From the fraud perpetrated by Bernie Madoff, to the mortgage crisis of 2007 and 2008 and the inadequate yields on safe bonds, it seemed as if no part of the economy had been more unsuccessfully managed or regulated than the part related to investing for our families futures. And yet, in the ensuing years, the stock market was making new highs, borrowing money had never been cheaper, the credit and operating weaknesses of many industries were being corrected, and a sick economy seemed to be on the mend. Investments that had previously seemed menacing were beginning to appear more promising.
The crisis, and its eventual taming, sparked a national dialogue about these issues. However, this national dialogue focused primarily on contemporary financial, legal, and political contexts. Rarely were broader questions posed about the long-term history and mechanisms of investment that led us to the crisis. What is investment really all about? Who does it? Why do they do it? Is there a story that can be explored and understood? Are there lessons to be learned? It turns out that investment has a rich backstory that can serve to profoundly deepen, if not fundamentally alter, our grasp of the subject and the tasks at hand. Investmentthe commitment of resources with the goal of achieving a returnis truly among the central themes in the story of humankind, and we must familiarize ourselves with its past to fully understand many of humankinds motivations, opportunities, and actions.
The task at hand is enormous in scope. Investment, after all, touches virtually every aspect of life today. Perhaps most obviously, investment underpins our entire economic engine. It is a vital determinant of what projects are funded; how individuals form collectives like companies, institutions, or unions; where in the world capital flows in and out; and when enterprises merge, disaggregate, or dissolve lines of activity. All economic entities are, after all, about investment. A business or institution is a collection of investment projects that grows or contracts based on the returns of those projects relative to its cost of funding.
But investmentone of the most fundamental of human activitiesis more than its purely monetary manifestations. It is also intertwined inextricably with social ends: the prospect of homeownership, savings accumulation to finance education, and the health of the endowments of charities. There are very real repercussions on the political landscape as well. Investment affects unemployment, the ability of seniors to retire, the funds deployed to infrastructure and research, and the capacity of a government to access credit markets. Indeed, investment lurks in every corner of daily life and underpins issues of immense importance in both obvious and obscure ways. The fact that there have been few efforts to construct a genuinely comprehensive history of investment given its omnipresence is curious.
This book is not about how to manage investments; rather, as a history of investment and the activities related to it over the centuries, it adds vital perspective to issues in investment management. It traces the development of investment from the earliest civilizations where agricultural land, lending, and trade activities were the economic foundation; to the creation of basic financial, collective, and charitable investment forms; and through the innovation of a vast array of specialized vehicles and funds extending into the twenty-first century. Throughout the book, we trace the evolution of the single most important development in the history of investment: its democratization.