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TIMELINE
3000 BCE500 BCE: The Babylonians, Sumerians, and Assyrians construct mammoth, pyramid-shaped towers, called ziggurats.
2600s BCE: Imhotep, the worlds first named architect, lives and works in Egypt.
2650 BCE: The Egyptians first build pyramids, which rise from rectangular bases.
2600 BCE: Construction of Egypts Bent Pyramid begins.
2000 BCE: The Ziggurat of Ur, which still stands today, is erected in what is today Iraq.
CIRCA 1500 BCE800 BCE: Bronze Age builders on Sardinia construct thousands of unusual circular towers, called nuraghi.
CIRCA 607 CE: Japans earthquake-resistant Sai-in pagoda is erected.
1173: In Italy, construction begins on the Leaning Tower of Pisa. Before the third story is built, the tower begins to tilt.
CIRCA 1251: Rival families construct San Gimingnanos ever-taller towers.
1854: Elisha Graves Otis patents elevator safety brakes. His inventions make reliable passenger elevators and skyscrapers possible.
1871: The Great Chicago Fire destroys Chicago and launches the Great Rebuilding.
1880: Werner Von Siemens develops the first electric elevator.
1881: Thomas Edison devises New Yorks first electrical power and distribution center, which advances the building of skyscrapers.
1885: William Le Baron Jenney, Father of the American Skyscraper, builds Chicagos Home Insurance Building. He revolutionizes architecture and engineering with steel-frame construction.
1888: Theophilus Van Kannel patents the Storm-Door Structure. It evolves into the revolving door, which is the entry of skyscrapers.
1889: When the Eiffel Tower is complete, its the worlds tallest structure.
1895: Chicagos Reliance Building, one of the first equipped with electricity, opens.
1930: New Yorks glamorous Chrysler Building becomes the worlds tallest building with a sneaky spire. The victory is short-lived.
1931: New Yorks Empire State Building becomes the worlds tallest building and uplifts spirits during the Depression.
19721973: New Yorks World Trade Center Twin Towers become the worlds tallest buildings.
1974: Chicagos Sears Tower (now called the Willis Tower), a bundled-tube construction, becomes the worlds tallest building.
1989: San Franciscos seismic-resistant Transamerica Pyramid survives the magnitude 7.1 Loma Prieta earthquake.
1990: The Leaning Tower of Pisa closes for the first time in its history. It reopens in 2001, after soil engineer John Burland stabilizes the structure.
2001: Terrorist attacks demolish New Yorks World Trade Center Twin Towers.
2010: Chicago architect Jeanne Gang unveils Aqua, the worlds tallest skyscraper created by a woman.
2010: Dubais Burj Khalifa becomes the worlds tallest building.
For Charles Mollenkamp,
builder of the future.
THE SKYS THE LIMIT
DO YOU LIVE IN A CITY, OR HAVE YOU EVER VISITED A CITY? What do you see towering in the skyline? At the place where sky and land meet, a citys tall structures soar up into the sky. Day and night, often visible from great distances, they form a jagged manmade outline. Skyscrapers, towers, bridges, and even Ferris wheels rise from the ground. Against the sky, these landmarks create a citys skyline. No wonder people call skylines a citys fingerprints! No two are the same.
Skyscrapers rule skylines in cities everywhere. Can you imagine Paris without the Eiffel Tower or New York City without the Empire State Building? Around the world, people take pride in their skylines. Seattles Space Needle, Chicagos John Hancock Center, and Torontos CN Tower are beloved landmarks. Anyone visiting these cities can quickly spot these magnificent structures in their cityscapes. Its hard to imagine these locations without them.
WORDS to KNOW
skyline: an outline of land and buildings against the sky.
structure: something that is built, such as a building, bridge, tunnel, tower, or dam.
skyscraper: an extremely tall building.
landmark: an important structure or feature of the land that identifies a place and can be used to find or mark a location.
cityscape: a view of a city.
engineer: someone who uses science, math, and creativity to solve problems.
innovate: to come up with a new way of doing something.
technology: tools, methods, and systems used to solve a problem or do work.
EARLY ENGINEERING
Engineers are people who use their imagination to innovate or design technology to help people, the environment, and all creatures on the planet. They use science and math, as well as experience, judgment, and common sense to turn an idea into a design that can be built by others. They come up with creative, useful solutions to improve our everyday liveshow we communicate, work, travel, stay healthy, and entertain ourselves.