Although Ehrenfried Pfeiffers text has been edited into more modern English for this new edition, the reader should bear in mind that the book was originally written in the 1950s, and should be read and understood in this context.
This book about weeds is by no means a complete description of all weeds, for there are more than four hundred here in America; real weeds, that is, which disturb our cultivation, farming and gardening. I have concentrated on the most characteristic ones of the north, the mid-east, and Midwest of America, and have tried to describe the properties which make them interesting to us. I have omitted their botanical descriptions, because they can be found in botany books, as well as in the very comprehensive A Manual of Weeds by Ada E. Georgia. For proper identification, the Latin names have been included. If you, the reader, dont feel comfortable with them, simply ignore them.
Methods of combating weeds are discussed in general (see both chapters The Battle Against Weeds: Mechanical Warfare and The Battle Against Weeds: Biological Warfare), and only in some instances are they repeated for each individual plant.
It is time for us to eliminate weeds from our cultivated lands. But we should also understand why we do it and what were doing. Nature has a reason for allowing weeds to grow where we do not want them. If this reason becomes clear to us, we will have learned from nature how to deprive weeds of their weedy character; that is, how to eradicate them from cultivated land, or rather, how to improve our methods of cultivation so that weeds are no longer a problem.
There is a significant problem, however: even if you try your best on your acre of land, there is often an abandoned place a waste lot, a swamp or a wild area nearby which spoils your land by windblown seed, by seeds carried by birds or other methods, undermining all your best efforts. Why not now, after the war in Europe has been won, spend a tiny fraction of what was spent on the war or post-war recovery, to start a national programme to combat weeds and insect pests? Only a large-scale operation will work, and it would be a valuable service to the country (as well as providing employment). Im afraid, though, that politicians wouldnt like the idea, for there is no glory in it only the gratitude of farmers and gardeners, and in any case they must learn to be content with whatever they get.
Weeds are only weeds from our egotistical human point of view, because they grow where we do not want them. In nature, however, they play an important and interesting role. They resist conditions which cultivated plants cannot resist, such as drought, acidity of soil, lack of humus and mineral deficiencies, as well as a one-sidedness of minerals. They represent human beings failure to master the soil, and they grow abundantly wherever people have made mistakes they simply indicate our errors and natures corrections. Weeds want to tell a story they are natures means of teaching us, and their story is interesting. If only we would listen to it, we could learn a great deal about the finer forces through which nature helps and heals and balances, and sometimes, also has fun with us.
Take, for instance, the common mould (penicillium). Nobody liked it, and when it grew on bread or cheese we were aware that things were getting old and not well-kept; but when penicillin was discovered, this cinderella mould became a highly worshipped princess. There is also the story of a gardener who had started a new garden on a ploughed-under alfalfa field. The following year, alfalfa was his nastiest weed, which he had to combat in order to grow peas, spinach and cabbage. The lush alfalfa almost outgrew the garden crops; nowadays, alfalfa is one of our most valuable farm crops, a fine soil improver. Therefore, we learn that weed is a relative concept. A plant becomes a weed only through its position relative to cultivated areas. What we call weed may be a very lively, resistant plant, more vital than the cultivated ones, under certain growth conditions.
Consider also the case of sumac, with its many varieties which include poison sumac and poison ivy. It grows in abundance on swampy, wet and waste ground. Abandoned acres on hillsides, once cultivated, are gradually covered with it. It will infiltrate pastures, gardens and any place we would like to reclaim. In Europe, however, it is a decorative plant, favoured in gardens and parks for its exotic appearance. By no means would sumac in Europe dare grow as a weed as it does here in America.