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Wei-Yin Chen Toshio Suzuki - Handbook of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation

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Handbook of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation
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WeiYin Chen Toshio Suzuki / Maximilian Lackner
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Springer International Publishing
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Part I
Scientific Evidences of Climate Change and Societal Issues

Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017

Wei-Yin Chen , Toshio Suzuki and Maximilian Lackner (eds.) Handbook of Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation 10.1007/978-3-319-14409-2_1

Introduction to Climate Change Mitigation

Maximilian Lackner 1

(1)

Institute of Advanced Engineering Technologies, University of Applied Sciences FH Technikum Wien, Vienna, Austria

(2)

Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Mississippi, P.O. Box 1848, Oxford, MS 38677, USA

(3)

National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 463-8560 Nagoya, Japan

Maximilian Lackner (Corresponding author)

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Wei-Yin Chen

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Toshio Suzuki

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Abstract

Since the first edition of the Handbook, important new research findings on climate change have been gathered. The handbook was extended to also cover, apart from climate change mitigation, climate change adaptation as one can witness increasing initiatives to cope with the phenomenon. Instrumental recording shows a temperature increase of 0.5 C Le Hourou (J Arid Environ 34:133185, 1996) with rather different regional patterns and trends (Folland CK, Karl TR, Nicholls N, Nyenzi BS, Parker DE, Vinnikov KYA (1992) Observed climate variability and change. In: Houghton JT, Callander BA, Varney SDK (eds) Climate change, the supplementary report to the IPCC scientific assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 135170). Over the last several million years, there have been warmer and colder periods on Earth, and the climate fluctuates for a variety of natural reasons as data from tree rings, pollen, and ice core samples have shown. However, human activities on Earth have reached an extent that they impact the globe in potentially catastrophic ways. This chapter is an introduction to climate change.

Climate Change

There has been a heated discussion on climate change in recent years, with a particular focus on global warming. Over the last several million years, there have been warmer and colder periods on Earth, and the climate fluctuates for a variety of natural reasons as data from tree rings, pollen, and ice core samples have shown. For instance, in the Pleistocene, the geological epoch which lasted from about 2,588,000 to 11,700 years ago, the world saw repeated glaciations (ice age). More recently, Little Ice Age and the Medieval Warm Period (). Spin axis/orbital variations, which are more pronounced on Mars compared to Earth, are seen as main reasons. As to recent climate change on Earth, there is evidence that it is brought about by human activity and that its magnitude and effects are of strong concern.

Instrumental recording of temperatures has been available for less than 200 years. Over the last 100 years, a temperature increase of 0.5 C could be measured (Le Hourou ) wrote, An increasing body of observations gives a collective picture of a warming world and other changes in the climate system There is new and stronger evidence that most of the warming observed over the last 50 years is attributable to human activities.

In its fourth assessment report of 2007, the IPCC stated that human actions are very likely the cause of global warming. More specifically, there is a 90 % probability that the burning of fossil fuels and other anthropogenic factors such as deforestation and the use of certain chemicals have already led to an increase of 0.75 in average global temperatures over the last 100 years and that the increase in hurricane and tropical cyclone strength since 1970 also results from man-made climate change.

In its fifth assessment report of 2013, the IPCC confirms their findings as Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia. The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, sea level has risen, and the concentrations of greenhouse gases have increased (IPCC ).

Figures show some details of IPCCs findings.

Fig. 1

( a ) Observed global mean combined land and ocean surface temperature anomalies, from 1850 to 2012 from three data sets. Top panel : annual mean values. Bottom panel : decadal mean values including the estimate of uncertainty for one dataset ( black ). Anomalies are relative to the mean of 19611990. ( b ) Map of the observed surface temperature change from 1901 to 2012 derived from temperature trends determined by linear regression from one dataset ( orange line in panel a). Trends have been calculated where data availability permits a robust estimate (i.e., only for grid boxes with greater than 70 % complete records and more than 20 % data availability in the first and last 10 % of the time period). Other areas are white. Grid boxes where the trend is significant at the 10 % level are indicated by a + sign (Source: IPCC (IPCC ))

Fig. 2

Radiative forcing estimates in 2011 relative to 1750 and aggregated uncertainties for the main drivers of climate change. Values are global average radiative forcing ( RF ), partitioned according to the emitted compounds or processes that result in a combination of drivers. The best estimates of the net radiative forcing are shown as black diamonds with corresponding uncertainty intervals; the numerical values are provided on the right of the figure, together with the confidence level in the net forcing ( VH very high, H high, M medium, L low, VL very low). Albedo forcing due to black carbon on snow and ice is included in the black carbon aerosol bar. Small forcings due to contrails (0.05 W m2, including contrail induced cirrus), and HFCs, PFCs and SF6 (total 0.03 W m2) are not shown. Concentration-based RFs for gases can be obtained by summing the like-coloured bars. Volcanic forcing is not included as its episodic nature makes is difficult to compare to other forcing mechanisms. Total anthropogenic radiative forcing is provided for three different years relative to 1750 (Source: IPCC (IPCC ))

In Fig. , natural and man-made (anthropogenic) radiative forcings (RF) are depicted. RF, or climate forcing, expressed in W/m2, is a change in energy flux, viz., the difference of incoming energy (sunlight) absorbed by Earth and outgoing energy (that radiated back into space). A positive forcing warms up the system, while negative forcing cools it down.

(Anthropogenic) CO2 emissions, which have been accumulating in the atmosphere at an increasing rate since the Industrial Revolution, were identified as the main driver.

The position of the IPCC has been adopted by several renowned scientific societies, and a consensus has emerged on the causes and partially on the consequences of climate change. The history of climate change science is reviewed in (Miller et al. ).

The Greenhouse Effect

A greenhouse, also called a glass house, is a structure enclosed by glass or plastic which allows the penetration of radiation to warm it. Gases capable of absorbing the radiant energy are called the greenhouse gases (GHG) . Greenhouses are used to grow flowers, vegetables, fruits, and tobacco throughout the year in a warm, agreeable climate. On Earth, there is a phenomenon called the natural greenhouse effect, or the Milankovitch cycles .

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