Table of Contents
ALSO BY STEVEN PINKER
Language Learnability and Language Development
Learnability and Cognition
The Language Instinct
How the Mind Works
Words and Rules
The Blank Slate
The Stuff of Thought
EDITED BY STEVEN PINKER
Visual Cognition
Connections and Symbols (with Jacques Mehler)
Lexical and Conceptual Semantics (with Beth Levin)
The Best American Science and Nature Writing 2004
TO
Eva, Carl, and Eric
Jack and David
Yael and Danielle
and the world they will inherit
What a chimera then is man! What a novelty, what a monster, what a chaos, what a contradiction, what a prodigy! Judge of all things, feeble earthworm, repository of truth, sewer of uncertainty and error, the glory and the scum of the universe.
Blaise Pascal
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
Everyday violence in a bodybuilding ad, 1940s 25
Domestic violence in a coffee ad, 1952 26
The violence triangle 35
Percentage of deaths in warfare in nonstate and state societies 49
Rate of death in warfare in nonstate and state societies 53
Homicide rates in the least violent nonstate societies compared to
state societies 55
Homicide rates in England, 12002000: Gurrs 1981 estimates 60
Homicide rates in England, 12002000 61
Homicide rates in five Western European regions, 13002000 63
Homicide rates in Western Europe, 13002000, and in
nonstate societies 64
Detail from Saturn, Das Mittelalterliche Hausbuch
(The Medieval Housebook, 147580) 65
Detail from Mars, Das Mittelalterliche Hausbuch
(The Medieval Housebook, 147580) 66
Percentage of deaths of English male aristocrats from violence, 13301829 81
Geography of homicide in Europe, late 19th and early 21st centuries 86
Geography of homicide in the world, 2004 88
Homicide rates in the United States and England, 19002000 92
Geography of homicide in the United States, 2007 93
Homicide rates in England, 13001925, and New England, 16301914 95
Homicide rates in the northeastern United States, 16361900 96
Homicide rates among blacks and whites in New York
and Philadelphia, 17971952 97
Homicide rates in the southeastern United States, 16201900 98
Homicide rates in the southwestern United States andCalifornia, 18301914 104
Flouting conventions of cleanliness and propriety in the 1960s 112
Homicide rates in the United States, 19502010, andCanada, 19612009 117
Homicide rates in five Western European countries, 19002009 118
Torture in medieval and early modern Europe 131
Time line for the abolition of judicial torture 149
Time line for the abolition of capital punishment in Europe 150
Execution rate in the United States, 16402010 151
Executions for crimes other than homicide inthe United States, 16502002 152
Time line for the abolition of slavery 156
Real income per person in England, 12002000 171
Efficiency in book production in England, 14701860s 172
Number of books in English published per decade, 14751800 173
Literacy rate in England, 16251925 174
Two pessimistic possibilities for historical trends in war 191
Two less pessimistic possibilities for historical trends in war 192
100 worst wars and atrocities in human history 197
Historical myopia: Centimeters of text per century in ahistorical almanac 199
Random and nonrandom patterns 205
Richardsons data 205
Number of deadly quarrels of different magnitudes, 18201952 211
Probabilities of wars of different magnitudes, 18201997 212
Heights of males (a normal or bell-curve distribution) 213
Populations of cities (a power-law distribution), plotted onlinear and log scales 214
Total deaths from quarrels of different magnitudes 221
Percentage of years in which the great powers foughtone another, 15002000 224
Frequency of wars involving the great powers, 15002000 225
Duration of wars involving the great powers, 15002000 226
Deaths in wars involving the great powers, 15002000 227
Concentration of deaths in wars involving thegreat powers, 15002000 227
Conflicts per year in greater Europe, 14002000 229
Rate of death in conflicts in greater Europe, 14002000 230
Length of military conscription, 48 major long-established nations,
19702010 256
Military personnel, United States and Europe, 19502000 257
Percentage of territorial wars resulting in redistributionof territory, 16512000 259
Nonnuclear states that started and stopped exploringnuclear weapons, 19452010 273
Democracies, autocracies, and anocracies, 19462008 279
International trade relative to GDP, 18852000 286
Average number of IGO memberships shared by a pairof countries, 18852000 290
Probability of militarized disputes between pairs of democraciesand other pairs of countries, 18251992 294
Rate of battle deaths in state-based armed conflicts, 19002005 301
Rate of battle deaths in state-based armed conflicts, 19462008 301
Number of state-based armed conflicts, 19462009 303
Deadliness of interstate and civil wars, 19502005 304
Geography of armed conflict, 2008 306
Growth of peacekeeping, 19482008 314
Rate of deaths in genocides, 19002008 338
Rate of deaths in genocides, 19562008 340
Rate of deaths from terrorism, United States, 19702007 350
Rate of deaths from terrorism, Western Europe, 19702007 351
Rate of deaths from terrorism, worldwide except Afghanistan2001and Iraq 2003 352
Islamic and world conflicts, 19902006 366
Use of the terms civil rights, womens rights, childrens rights, gay rights,
and animal rights in English-language books, 19482000 380
Lynchings in the United States, 18821969 384
Hate-crime murders of African Americans, 19962008 386
Nonlethal hate crimes against African Americans, 19962008 387
Discriminatory and affirmative action policies, 19502003 390
Segregationist attitudes in the United States, 19421997 391
White attitudes to interracial marriage in the United States, 19582008 391
Unfavorable opinions of African Americans, 19772006 392
Rape prevention and response sticker 400
Rape and homicide rates in the United States, 19732008 402
Attitudes toward women in the United States, 19701995 404
Approval of husband slapping wife in the United States, 19681994 409
Assaults by intimate partners, United States, 19932005 411
Homicides of intimate partners in the United States, 19762005 411
Domestic violence in England and Wales, 19952008