Brian Albert Robson - Understanding Gravity: The Generation Model Approach

Many people have helped in the making of this book. First, several colleagues, by their criticism and constructive comments, arising from reading the many papers and book chapters written during the development of the GM. I wish to record that Neville Fletcher also assisted me during several years prior to his death in 2017 with a joint project to prepare a review paper entitled Fundamental and Residual Forces. While the SM recognizes four fundamental forces in nature: the gravitational, electromagnetic, weak nuclear and strong nuclear forces, described in almost every modern physics text book, my GM recognizes only two fundamental forces in nature: the electromagnetic and strong nuclear forces. This review paper was intended to be a historical discussion of both classical and quantum forces in nature primarily for the benefit of teachers of physics. Unfortunately, this project was abandoned in 2017, although many of the historical perspectives concerning the nature of forces have since been included in this book. I am also grateful to my philosophical colleague, Kristian van der Pals, who read the whole initial draft of the book, for his many suggestions and critical comments.

Second, I am indebted to Tim Senden, Director of the Research School of Physics in the Australian National University for his support and strong encouragement to complete this book, the members of the Research School of Physics, Computer Unit, for their help in providing assistance for the preparation of the initial draft of the book, and the staff of World Scientific for their assistance in the later stages of production of the book.

Third, I am also indebted to Martinus Veltman for providing the initial inspiration to solve the problem of the three generations of leptons and quarks of the SM and to Walter Greiner for his encouragement and assistance in providing a viable publication journal for non-main-stream ideas. Finally, I thank Vladimir Kekelidze and Elena Kokoulina from the High Energy Physics Laboratory, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia for inviting me to visit them in 2013 in order to discuss an experiment using their new Nuclotron accelerator to determine the parity of the neutral pion, which was known to be mainly pseudoscalar. An earlier 2008 experiment at Fermi Laboratory had placed a limit on the scalar contribution to the neutral pion decay amplitude of less than 3.3%, while my GM indicated a scalar contribution to the decay amplitude of about 2.5%. Unfortunately, this experiment is difficult so that no lower limit than 3.3% has yet been placed upon the scalar contribution to the decay amplitude.

[1] P.A.R. Ade et al. (Planck Collaboration), Planck 2013 results. I. Overview of products and scientic results, Astron. and Astrophys. Art. A1 (2014).

[2] K. Gottfried and V. F. Weisskopf, Concepts of Particle Physics, Vol. 1 (Oxford University Press, New York, 1984).

[3] M. J. G. Veltman, Facts and Mysteries in Elementary Particle Physics, (World Scientic, Singapore, 2003).

[4] D. Lincoln, Understanding the Universe from Quarks to the Cosmos, rev. edn. (World Scientic, Singapore, 2012).

[5] B. A. Robson, The Generation Model of Particle Physics in Particle Physics, Ed. E. Kennedy (InTech Open Access Publisher, Rijeka, Croatia, 2012).

[6] A. Pais, Inward Bound: Of Matter and Forces in the Physical World, (Oxford University Press, New York, 1986).

[7] Y. Neeman and Y. Kirsh, The Particle Hunters, (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1983).

[8] J. C. Maxwell, A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. , 459-512 (1865).

[9] D. C. Peaslee, Elements of Atomic Physics, (Prentice-Hall Inc., New York, 1955).

[10] H. A. Lorentz, The Theory of Electrons (The Columbia University Press, New York, 1909).

[11] A. Einstein, Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Korper, Annalen der Physik. , 891-931 (1905).

[12] A. S. Eddington, The Mathematical Theory of Relativity, 3rd edn. (Chelsea Publishing Company, New York, 1975).

[13] J. V. Narliker, The Lighter Side of Gravity 2nd edn. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996).

[14] H. C. Ohanian, Einsteins Mistakes (W.W. Norton and Company, New York, 2009).

[15] S. Tomonaga, The Story of Spin, Translated by T. Oka (The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1997).

[16] B. A. Robson, The Theory of Polarization Phenomena (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1974).

[17] H. Friedrich, Theoretical Atomic Physics (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1990).

[18] S. Hawking, A Brief History of Time, (Bantam Press, London, 1988).

[19] M. Gell-Mann and Y. Neeman, The Eightfold Way (Benjamin, New York, 1964).

[20] F. Wilczek, In Search of Symmetry Lost, Nature , 239-247 (2005).

[21] M-H. Shao, N. Wang and Z-F. Gao, Tired Light denies the Big Bang, in Redefining Standard Model Cosmology, Ed. B. A. Robson (Intech Open Access Publisher, London, U.K., 2019).

[22] I. J. R. Aitchison and A. J. G. Hey, Gauge Theories in Particle Physics (Adam Hilger Ltd, Bristol, 1982).

[23] Y. Fukuda et al. (Super-Kamiokande Collaboration), Measurement of a small atmospheric /e ratio, Physics Letters B , 9-18 (1998).

[24] K. Gottfried and V. F. Weisskopf, Concepts of Particle Physics, Vol. 2 (Oxford University Press, New York, 1984).

[25] B. A. Robson, The Generation Model and the Electroweak Connection, International Journal of Modern Physics E , 1015-1030 (2008).

[26] B. A. Robson, Progressing Beyond the Standard Model, Advances in High Energy Physics 2013, Art. ID 341738, 12pp.

[27] B. A. Robson, Generation Model of Particle Physics with Excited Rishon States, Advances in High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, , 140-148 (2019).

[28] B. A. Robson, A Generation Model of the Fundamental Particles, International Journal of Modern Physics E , 555-566 (2002).

[29] I. A. DSouza and C. S. Kalman, Preons: Models of Leptons, Quarks and Gauge Bosons as Composite Objects, (World Scientic, Singapore,1992).

[30] F. Halzen and A. D. Martin, Quarks and Leptons: An Introductory Course in Modern Particle Physics, (John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1984).

[31] M. Born, Atomic Physics, 2nd Ed., (Blackie and Sons Ltd, London, 1937).

[32] S. Rainville et al., A Direct Test of E = mc2 , Nature , 1096-1097 (2005).

[33] H. Lyre, Does the Higgs Mechanism Exist, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science , 119-133 (2008).

[34] R. H. Sanders, Mass Discrepancies in Galaxies: Dark Matter and Alternatives, The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review , 1-28 (1990).

[35] D. Clowe et al., A Direct Empirical Proof of the Existence of Dark Matter, Astrophysical Journal , L109-L113 (2006).

[36] G. R. Farrer and M. E. Shaposhnikov, Baryon Asymmetry of the Universe in the Minimal Standard Model, Physical Review Letters , 2833-2836 (1993).

[37] J. H. Christenson, J. W. Cronin, V. L Fitch and R. Turlay, Evidence for the 2 Decay of the Meson, Physical Review Letters , 138-140 (1964).

[38] A. D. Morrison and B. A. Robson, 2 Decay of the Meson without CP Violation, International Journal of Modern Physics E , 1825-1830 (2009).

[39] E. Abouzaid et al. (KTeV Collaboration), Determination of the Parity of the Neutral Pion via its Four-Electron Decay, Physical Review Letters , 182001 (2008).