Grice, Paul , late Fellow of St John's College, Oxford, and former Professor of Philosophy
Warner, Richard (Editor), Professor of Philosophy, Chicago-Kent College of Law
Aspects of Reason
Publication date 2001 (this edition)
Print ISBN-10: 0-19-824252-2
Print ISBN-13: 978-0-19-824252-9
doi:10.1093/0198242522.001.0001
Abstract: This book, based on Grice's 1979 Locke Lectures at Oxford and published posthumously, elaborates the notions of reasons, reasoning, and rationality, with particular emphasis on the unity of practical and non-practical (alethic) reasoning. It begins with a look at the nature of ordinary reasoning and distinguishes between flat rationality, the formal capacity to apply inferential rules, and variable rationality, the excellence or competence of good reasoning (Ch. 1). Grice then proposes an Equivocality Thesis, arguing that a structural representation can be given for justificatory (normative) reasons that allows for modals (ought, must, etc.) to be used univocally across the alethic/practical divide in terms of general acceptability statements (Chs. 23). In addition, he shows that valid inferences can be drawn from alethic to practical acceptability statements (Ch. 4). Finally, Grice provides a characterization of happiness as it features in practical thinking, and suggests it to be an inclusive end, consisting of the realization of other ends that are desirable for their own sake as well as for the sake of happiness (Ch. 5). An extensive introduction by Richard Warner provides a helpful summary and explanation of key aspects of the book.
Keywords: alethic,ends,equivocality,Paul Grice,happiness,modals,practical reasoning,rationality,reasoning,reasons
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Kathleen Grice 2001
Introduction Richard Warner 2001
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First published 2001
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Grice, H. P. (H. Paul)
Aspects of reason/Paul Grice; with an introduction by Richard Warner.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Reasoning. I. Title.
B1641.G483 A86 2001 128.33dc21 2001016403
ISBN 0-19-824252-2
end p.iv
Introduction
Grice on Reasons and Rationality
Paul Grice opens
Aspects of Reason by observing that
more than one philosopher has held the view that vitally important philosophical consequences can be reached by derivation from the idea of a rational being. Aristotle, for example, thought that he could reach a characterization of the end for man... And Kant considered that among the important dividends which could be derived from the idea of a rational being was the moral necessity of adherence to the Categorical Imperative. (4)
Grice does not "know whether or not any such grand conclusions can be derived from the concept of a rational being", but he confesses to a "sneaking hope that they can, and a nagging desire to try to find out" (4). The hope and the desire motivate
Aspects of Reason, a work in which Grice conceives of himself as an "under-labourer [engaging] in one or two enquiries which might help towards a clarification of the notion of reason or rationality" (5). Clarification is required for the task of reaching "vitally important philosophical consequences... by derivation from the idea of a rational being" (4). Grice explains: "Part of my trouble (which is not only mine) is the difficulty of discovering the rules of the game, of understanding what sort of procedure is to be counted as a derivation; another part of my trouble is being hopelessly unclear about the character of the starting point, about what the concept of a rational being is to be taken to be" (4). Most of
Aspects of Reason is concerned with the "starting point", the concept of rationality, although there are side glances towards what might count as a derivation of consequence from that concept.
1 Numbers in parentheses refer to pages in the text of Aspects of Reason.
end p.vii
Grice worked on Aspects of Reason on and off from (at least) 1975 up to the end of his life in 1988; nonetheless, Aspects of Reason remains an unfinished work, lacking the clean conceptual unity of Grice's published works. The original manuscript consists of a basic set of typed pages interleaved with lengthy (often handwritten) augmentations added at different times. The result is a book of rewarding richness and detail, but also one whose unity and overall plan are difficult to discern. As its title suggests, Aspects of Reason looks more like a tour through a varied landscape than a precise portrait of a well-defined terrain; its five chapters look, at first sight, less like a book and more like five loosely related essays. It is, however, both possible and rewarding to see Aspects of Reason as a unified work, and my goal is to map out the unifying themes in the intricate conceptual landscape Grice traverses. Perhaps Grice, should he be looking down from one of the more rollicking parts of some philosophical Elysium, will not mind terribly if I suggest a few finishing touches along the way.
Chapter . This is one way to see Aspects of Reason