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Marc J. de Vries - Handbook of Technology Education

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Marc J. de Vries Handbook of Technology Education
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This handbook of technology education offers a state-of-the-art survey of developments in technology education worldwide. It deals with general themes like philosophical foundations, curriculum, teaching and learning, teacher education, and educational technology. It also has some technology-specific topics, such as designing, making, and assessment (portfolios). To focus on the specific learning challenges a separate section of the book is dedicated to sub-domains of technology and engineering, like food, textiles, materials and robotics. Explicit attention is given to the possible role of technology (and engineering) education in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) education. Recent developments such as technology concept learning, authentic learning, pre-university engineering education, design-based learning and design-based research for technology education, pedagogical content knowledge for technology educators, and the use of e-portfolios are included. One section deals with social and cultural issues, such as education for sustainability, gender issues in technology education, indigenous technologies, industry involvement and the relation between technology education and communication. As could be expected in a handbook on technology education, there is also a section on the use of technology for teaching about technology: the use of CAD, science fiction movies, animations, internet and social media. All chapters are written especially for this handbook by a selection of authors, some of whom have been part of the history of technology education for many years, some of whom are promising young researchers. The book can be used as a reference by technology education researchers to get a concise introduction into the field. It can also be used as a resource in technology teacher education programs. Technology teachers can use it as literature for deepening their understanding of the field and thus working on their continuous professionalization. Curriculum developers and policy makers will find it of interest to get an understanding for the need to have technology education in the curriculum and the way it can be realized in practice.

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Part I
Philosophy of Technology and Engineering
Springer International Publishing AG 2018
Marc J. de Vries (ed.) Handbook of Technology Education Springer International Handbooks of Education
1. Philosophy of Technology and Engineering
John R. Dakers 1
(1)
Delft University of Technology, TUDelft, The Netherlands
John R. Dakers
Email:
Abstract
Since the second world war, technical education was, and I would argue still is, considered to be vocational in nature. Formerly, technical education was considered to be a training ground for boys who were considered to be less academic as informed by an intelligence test administered at age eleven. Girls were also tested and similarly, those who failed the test were streamed into the study of domestic science, a vocational training for their futures as housewives and mothers. This ideology followed the basis of the academic vocational divide or the Cartesian brain versus the body debate. Alas, these debates continue in a variety of formats to this very day, albeit politically nuanced in the actual delivery of a more sophisticated school system. The delivery of Technical education today has undergone a metamorphosis into what we now recognise as Technology education. However, many would argue that technology education continues to lack a critical and philosophical perspective as stated by Goodman:
Whether or not it draws on new scientific research, technology is a branch of moral philosophy, not of science. [ ] Technology must have its proper place on the faculty as a learned profession important in modern society, along with medicine, law, the humanities, and natural philosophy, learning from them and having something to teach them. As a moral philosopher, a technician should be able to criticize the programs given him to implement. As a professional in a community of learned professionals, a technologist must have a different kind of training and develop a different character than we see at present among technicians and engineers (Goodman, 2010: 4041)
The following chapters in this section offer a variety of critical and philosophical perspectives on the technology education.
Keywords
Philosophy Technological literacy Pedagogy Engineering Technology Nomodology Social critique Religion Problem solving Culture Teaching
Introduction
First published in 1970, Paul Goodman offers a somewhat prescient perspective that serves to reveal, in succinct terms, that the content of technology education needs to transcend the mere provision of vocationally orientated skills, which tends to continue as the dominant orthodoxy today. In the evermore technologically textured world we now inhabit, the delivery of technology education at all levels, including the concept of STEM education (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics), must, for Goodman, include the development of critical and philosophical competencies, competencies that are not considered to be separate, distinct, and different from other curriculum subjects, but are, rather, considered as integral and complementary to them.
Considering technology from this standpoint is not a recent phenomena. It can be traced back to the ancient Greek philosophers such as Plato ( Laws ) and Aristotle ( Physics ). Plato, for example, argued that technology imitates nature: modern example being airplanes imitating bird flight. However, Aristotle, his former student, disagreed. Aristotle made an ontological distinction between nature and technology:
the former have their principles of generation and motion inside, whereas the latter, insofar as they are artifacts, are generated only by outward causes, namely human aims and forms in the human soul. Natural products (animals and their parts, plants, and the four elements) move, grow, change, and reproduce themselves by inner final causes; they are driven by purposes of nature. Artifacts, on the other hand, cannot reproduce themselves. Without human care and intervention, they vanish after some time by losing their artificial forms and decomposing into (natural) materials. (Franssen et al. )
These ancient examples of competing philosophical perspectives on technology, as well as the many contemporary debates offered today, such as those offered in this section, serve to continue to challenge the received wisdom of the day regarding the relationship between the development of human beings and their technologies. According to Henry Bergsons writing in 1911, the development of human intelligence and creativity is, and continues to be, a direct result of this interaction:
If we could get rid ourselves of all pride, if, to define species, we kept strictly to what the historic and prehistoric periods show us to be the constant characteristics of man and of intelligence, we should say not Homo sapiens , but Homo faber . In short, intelligence, considered in what seems to be its original feature, is the faculty of manufacturing artificial objects, especially tools to make tools, and of indefinitely varying the manufacture. (Bergson : 139)
While philosophical issues relating to technology have been debated for millennia, the concept of a distinctive philosophy of technology is now an established academic domain, albeit as a relative newcomer. Marc de Vries explores this in some detail in his chapter General Introduction . He explores the progress of the philosophy of technology in terms of its conceptualization. Drawing particularly from Carl Mitchams Thinking Through Technology and the Philosophy of Technology and Engineering Sciences edited by Anthonie Meijers, de Vries explores the relationship between engineering and technology as well as the natural sciences. However, he does make some important distinctions between technology and science, especially in terms of modeling. This leads on to a discussion regarding the importance for an ethical dimension being a necessary part of the learning process about technology. This is especially true with regard to designing where value-laden judgments become a relevant focus. De Vries concludes by postulating on the future role of philosophy in relation to technology education.
In my own chapter entitled Nomadology, a lens to Explore the Concept of Technological Literacy , I attempt to fuse the concept of what the French philosophers Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari call nomadology, with the philosophy of Clestin Freinet, a French educationalist and philosopher who believed in a more student-centric form of pedagogy. In so doing, I attempt to open up a discussion on the concept of technological literacy as a necessary component in the teaching and learning that is related to technology. I argue that there is much more to technology education than the mastering of technological know-how and the techniques associated with the fabrication of artifacts. Considered thus, technology cannot be autonomous, it is, rather, part of a more complex network of relationships that include social, economic, political, cultural, and philosophical discourses that both affect human beings and is affected by human beings.
Joseph Pitt questions why we do not examine the relationships between the curriculum subjects that are taught in both schools and beyond. In his chapter, Teaching Science and Technology , he suggests that in order to understand technology, one needs to develop a deeper understanding as to how the related historical, cultural, religious, and social aspects are intertwined and how these relationships impact upon technological development and each other. Pitt also goes on to question the merits and funding of the concept of big science and technology. He argues that this concept has difficulty in articulating with current theory. Clearly, this presents problems for the teaching of science and technology.
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