Toxicology in Antiquity
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Toxicology in Antiquity provides an authoritative and fascinating exploration into the use of toxins and poisons in antiquity. It brings together the two previously published shorter volumes on the topic, as well as adding considerable new information. Part of the History of Toxicology and Environmental Health series, it covers key accomplishments, scientists, and events in the broad field of toxicology, including environmental health and chemical safety. This first volume sets the tone for the series and starts at the very beginning, historically speaking, with a look at toxicology in ancient times. The book explains that before scientific research methods were developed, toxicology thrived as a very practical discipline. People living in ancient civilizations readily learned to distinguish safe substances from hazardous ones, how to avoid these hazardous substances, and how to use them to inflict harm on enemies. It also describes scholars who compiled compendia of toxic agents. New chapters in this edition focus chiefly on evidence for the use of toxic agents derived from religious texts. Provides the historical background for understanding modern toxicology Illustrates the ways previous civilizations learned to distinguish safe from hazardous substances, how to avoid the hazardous substances and how to use them against enemies Explores the way famous historical figures used toxins New chapters focus on evidence of the use of toxins derived from religious texts
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C. G. Weber M.D.
Tanu Jindal
Curtis D. Klaassen
Vinood B. Patel
Lindsay Murray
Donald G. Barceloux
Phillip L. Williams
A Wallace Hayes
John A. Timbrell
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Foraging Guide for Pacific Northwest Mushrooms
Mushroom Identification (know lookalikes) 4 easy edible categories (scrumptious, edible, inedible & poisonous) Find wild mushrooms (when & where)
by
Darcy Field
Copyright 2021. All rights reserved.
The content contained within this book may not be reproduced, duplicated, or transmitted without direct written permission from the author or the publisher.
Under no circumstances will any blame or legal responsibility be held against the publisher, or author, for any damages, reparation, or monetary loss due to the information contained within this book, either directly or indirectly.
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This book is copyright protected. It is only for personal use. You cannot amend, distribute, sell, use, quote, or paraphrase any part, or the content within this book, without the consent of the author or publisher.
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Please note the information contained within this document is for educational and entertainment purposes only. All effort has been executed to present accurate, up to date, reliable, complete information. No warranties of any kind are declared or implied. Readers acknowledge that the author is not engaged in the rendering of legal, financial, medical, or professional advice. The content within this book has been derived from various sources. Please consult a licensed professional before attempting any techniques outlined in this book.
By reading this document, the reader agrees that under no circumstances is the author responsible for any losses, direct or indirect, that are incurred as a result of the use of the information contained within this document, including, but not limited to, errors, omissions, or inaccuracies.
Contents
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Introduction
Nature Alone Is Antique, and the Oldest Art a Mushroom.
Thomas Carlyle
If you have always wanted to head into the woods and forage for mushrooms, but you felt overwhelmed by the vast number of species that exist, then your feelings are certainly understandable. There are million fungi in the world, as well as many as yet undiscovered and some which are too small to be spotted by the human eye. These organisms, which have fascinating and intricate life cycles, are so much more than an ingredient for your favorite soup or salad. They are a pillar of life on Earth since they play a key role in helping plants draw nutrients and moisture from the soil. Fungi also break down dead organic matter, thus releasing nutrients plants need to grow. They are a key component of so many medicines used to fight infection, boost the immune system, and enhance the effectiveness of some cancer treatments, yet their use in medicine is just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to their ability to sustain life.
The Pacific Northwest is a diverse geographic zone characterized by a bevy of vertiginous mountain ranges. The area comprises stretches from Northern California extending northward through Oregon, Washington, and some parts of southern British Columbia. Many areas have plentiful rain and mild summers, which lend to the proliferation of lush, vast forests where mushrooms grow alongside Douglas fir trees, red alders, and Oregon white oaks.
Most of the Pacific Northwest has a cool, wet climate, which favors temperate (or coastal) rainforests, while inland zones are dryer and have lower precipitation levels. The rainforests in this zone are some of the rainiest on the planet, which is amazing considering the fact that some parts of Washington boast the dryness of a desert. Some of the most popular spots for foraging are Saddle Mountain (one of the highest peaks in Oregons Coast Range), Kings Mountain (close to Saddle Mountain), Opal Creek Wilderness (located within the Willamette National Forest Boundary), Franklin Falls Trail (close to Snoqualmie Pass), and Boulder River Trail (in Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest).
As a child, I was fascinated by the many different shapes, textures, and flavors of mushrooms. When I was immersed in these humid, lush landscapes it felt as if I had stepped into a land of fantasyone in which I was a learner, adventurer, and healer.
In many ways, these first forays into the forest instilled a love of nature and a respect for the importance of plants in my mind. Of course, it is a myth that fungi are plants. Fungi actually form part of the eukaryotic group of organisms and, although they share many similar characteristics to plants, they possess certain chemicals that are identical to those found in the cell walls of lobsters and crabs.
Mushroom foraging helped strengthen my sense of self. What started out as a way to spend free time grew into a passion, and when I wasnt foraging, I was reading up on different mushroom species, keen to find hidden, rare species that sometimes required clever and creative strategies to spot. My knowledge grew at a steady pace and soon I began bringing home lovely collections of different mushroom species, ranging from California king boletes to morel, matsutake, and oyster mushrooms, and more.
The experience of foraging was all-encompassing as it involved opening my senses to the different smells, textures, and shapes of these mysterious fungi. Some mushrooms had a spicy smell, while others had hardly any scent at all. Some were located close to the roots of trees, others grew in open areas, proudly asserting their dominance over their chosen spot. Some needed to be cooked prior to consumption, while others could be enjoyed raw. In reality, the science of fungi provides an endless opportunity for learning and every visit to the forest is an opportunity to display your knowledge, curiosity, and desire to learn.
In many ways, my experience as a forager grew in line with my interest in homeopathy and herbal remedies. My experiences in the woods led me to take an interest in this speciality and, as an adult, I focused my research on the natural world and its ability to heal. I was fascinated by the idea that a deep knowledge of plant life could empower me to solve the root of health problems instead of concentrating only on symptoms.
In addition to being a vital component of many modern treatments, mushrooms are also highly nutritional, with recent research by Penn State University scientists showing that they contain unusually high amounts of antioxidants that can help fight aging and bolster health. (Kalaras, 2017). The researchers found that eating just five button mushrooms a day was linked to lower rates of neurodegenerative diseases and theirs is just one of many studies into the health benefits conferred by mushrooms.
Mushrooms are more than edibles. Each type tells a storyone of a struggle for survival that has led to fascinating adaptationsincluding the development of ultra-hard spores, the ability to rotate gill angles so as to release spores, and the secretion of exoenzymes (which enable mushrooms to digest organic materials outside the fungal body so they can consume a wider variety of materials). Mushrooms can also be incredibly beautiful and worthy of contemplation in their own right. Some of the worlds most attractive varieties sport a vivid indigo hue; others boast their own luminescence and light up the forest at night. Still others bear tube-shaped bodies in delicate purple huesreminiscent, in many ways, of the worlds most beautiful coral reefs.
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