Julie Knight - Labour, Mobility and Temporary Migration: A Comparative Study of Polish Migration to Wales

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Labour, Mobility and Temporary Migration

LABOUR, MOBILITY AND TEMPORARY MIGRATION

A Comparitive Study of Polish Migration to Wales

JULIE KNIGHT, JOHN LEVER AND ANDREW THOMPSON

Julie Knight, John Lever and Andrew Thompson, 2017

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing it in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright owner. Applications for the copyright owners written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the University of Wales Press, 10 Columbus Walk, Brigantine Place, Cardiff CF10 4UP.

www.uwp.co.uk

British Library CIP Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-78683-080-7

eISBN: 978-1-78683-082-1

The right of Julie Knight, John Lever and Andrew Thompson to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 79 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

The publisher has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for any external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

Cover image: Welsh/Polish flag montage by Clifford Hayes / www.hayesdesign.co.uk

3D	Dirty, dangerous and dull
A2	Accession 2 Countries Bulgaria and Romania
A8	Accession 8 Countries Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary
BBC	British Broadcasting Corporation
CAB	Citizens Advice Bureau
CEE	Central and Eastern Europe
CV	Curriculumn Vitae
EAL	English as an Additional Language
EU	European Union
EU-15	European Union Original Member States
GBP	Great British Pound
GDP	Gross Domestic Product
GNP	Gross National Product
GP	General Practitioner
GVA	Gross Value Added
IOM	International Organization for Migration
IT	Information Technology
LA	Local Authority
MAC	Migration Advisory Committee
MADF	Multi Agency Diversity Forum
MEAG	Minority Ethnic Achievement Grant
MPI	Migration Policy Institute
MWF	Migrant Workers Forum
NATO	North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NHS	National Health Service
NINo	National Insurance Number
NUTS	Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics
OECD	Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development
ONS	Office of National Statistics
PCVA	Polish Community of the Valleys Association
PLASC	Pupil Level Annual School Census
PLZ	Polish Zloty
PWMA	Polish Welsh Mutual Association
SWC	South Wales Coalfied
UK	United Kingdom
UKBA	UK Border Agency
USA	United State of America
WAG	Welsh Assembly Government
WAL	Welsh as an Additional Language
WIMD	Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation
WRS	Worker Registration Scheme
WW2	World War Two

Introduction

In 2004, the European Union (EU) expanded to include ten new member states from Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). The new member states to join at this time were: Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia. As a result, the 2004 enlargement was met with a variety of responses within the national governments in Europe. Many of the old member states used restrictive policies to curb or completely stop the flow of migrants from CEE countries on a temporary basis. Interestingly, not all of the CEE countries were viewed as a threat to the old member states labour markets. Eight of the ten countries posed a concern for old member states. These eight countries became known as the Accession 8, or A8, and included all of the aforementioned CEE countries with the exception of Malta and Cyprus.

In the period immediately following accession, thousands of CEE migrants entered the UK, the majority coming from Poland. Academics, policy-makers and the media classified these Polish migrants as young, well-educated and economically motivated individuals who were planning to migrate to the UK for the short term and return home. However, it is only in hindsight, a decade after this enlargement, that academics are beginning to understand how these Polish migrants have influenced the labour market of Britain and how their motivations and characteristics have evolved over time. This is where the book begins: looking back over the past ten years to understand how the Polish migrants have changed in the UK, including their changing labour market mobility, their social network formation and their plans to stay in the UK. The last point is of particular importance as the vast majority of these migrants originally intended to stay in the UK for less than a year. However, ten years after enlargement, many have remained in the UK with no immediate plan to remigrate making their migration marked by temporariness and migratory drift.

Labour, Mobility and Temporary Migration draws on a substantial body of qualitative data derived from interviews with Polish migrants living and working in three localities across the South Wales region in Cardiff, Llanelli and Merthyr Tydfil to explore the forces and stories behind one of the largest population movements in recent European history. It will fill a significant gap in the literature on labour migration in the EU in three distinct ways.

First, it is unique in reviewing the topic of Polish migration to the UK over time to understand the continuing evolution of migrants motivations and characteristics. This is of particular importance for policy-makers, who have only recently begun to understand the major impact that these migrants have on the British labour market. Migrants almost always plan to come only for a relatively short stay abroad, but the majority stay considerably longer, often years after they had expected to return. Understanding why this migratory drift occurs is critical for policy knowledge, especially in learning more about how migrants analyses of comparative economic conditions in their home and destination countries influence how far they stretch their stay abroad. This book will contribute to this knowledge because the early studies on which it is based were undertaken as the financial crisis and subsequent recession in the UK were breaking, while the later research was undertaken when the recession was peaking. Our research enables us to show that for as long as migrants are able to secure work, the quality of life in the UK, especially for those with children, has an important bearing on the decision of many to ride out the economic downturn.

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