West - Deictic imaginings : semiosis at work and at play
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This work represents the first integrated account of how deixis operates to facilitate points of view, providing the raw material for reconciling index and object. The book offers a fresh, applied philosophical approach using original empirical evidence to show that deictic demonstratives hasten the recognition of core representational constructs. It presents a case where the comprehension of shifting points of view by means of deixis is paramount to a theory of mind and to a worldview that incorporates human components of discovering and extending spatial knowledge. The book supports Peirces triadic sign theory as a more adequate explanatory account compared with those of Buhler and Piaget. Peirces unitary approach underscores the artificiality of constructing a worldview driven by logical reasoning alone; it highlights the importance of self-regulation and the appreciation of otherness within a sociocultural milieu. Integral to this semiotic perspective is imagination as a primary tool for situating the self in constructed realities, thus infusing reality with new possibilities. Imagination is likewise necessary to establish postures of mind for the self and others. Within these imaginative scenarios (consisting of overt, and then covert self dialogue) children construct their own worldviews, through linguistic role-taking, as they legitimize conflicting viewpoints within imagined spatial frameworks. Read more...
Abstract: This work represents the first integrated account of how deixis operates to facilitate points of view, providing the raw material for reconciling index and object. The book offers a fresh, applied philosophical approach using original empirical evidence to show that deictic demonstratives hasten the recognition of core representational constructs. It presents a case where the comprehension of shifting points of view by means of deixis is paramount to a theory of mind and to a worldview that incorporates human components of discovering and extending spatial knowledge. The book supports Peirces triadic sign theory as a more adequate explanatory account compared with those of Buhler and Piaget. Peirces unitary approach underscores the artificiality of constructing a worldview driven by logical reasoning alone; it highlights the importance of self-regulation and the appreciation of otherness within a sociocultural milieu. Integral to this semiotic perspective is imagination as a primary tool for situating the self in constructed realities, thus infusing reality with new possibilities. Imagination is likewise necessary to establish postures of mind for the self and others. Within these imaginative scenarios (consisting of overt, and then covert self dialogue) children construct their own worldviews, through linguistic role-taking, as they legitimize conflicting viewpoints within imagined spatial frameworks
Abstract: This work represents the first integrated account of how deixis operates to facilitate points of view, providing the raw material for reconciling index and object. The book offers a fresh, applied philosophical approach using original empirical evidence to show that deictic demonstratives hasten the recognition of core representational constructs. It presents a case where the comprehension of shifting points of view by means of deixis is paramount to a theory of mind and to a worldview that incorporates human components of discovering and extending spatial knowledge. The book supports Peirces triadic sign theory as a more adequate explanatory account compared with those of Buhler and Piaget. Peirces unitary approach underscores the artificiality of constructing a worldview driven by logical reasoning alone; it highlights the importance of self-regulation and the appreciation of otherness within a sociocultural milieu. Integral to this semiotic perspective is imagination as a primary tool for situating the self in constructed realities, thus infusing reality with new possibilities. Imagination is likewise necessary to establish postures of mind for the self and others. Within these imaginative scenarios (consisting of overt, and then covert self dialogue) children construct their own worldviews, through linguistic role-taking, as they legitimize conflicting viewpoints within imagined spatial frameworks
West: author's other books
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Stjernfelt
Konstanze Jungbluth (editor)
Peter T. Turley
Donna E West
Matthew Fulkerson
Bergmann
Gary L. Drescher
Michael A. Bishop
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Part 1
Foundations for Deictic Meaning
Foundations for Deictic Meaning
Donna E West Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics Deictic Imaginings: Semiosis at Work and at Play 2014 10.1007/978-3-642-39443-0 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
Donna E West Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics Deictic Imaginings: Semiosis at Work and at Play 2014 10.1007/978-3-642-39443-0_1 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
1. Introduction
Donna E. West 1
(1)
State University of New York at Cortland, Old Main 227-B, Cortland, 13045, USA
Donna E. West
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Abstract
The origin and use of deictic terms, e.g., I, you, this, that, here, there, now, and then have fascinated linguists and philosophers for more than a century (Jespersen 1922/2008; Benveniste 1956/1971; Lyons 1968, 1977, 1995; Peirce 18671913; Bhler 1934/1990), given their unique and complex semantic and pragmatic interplay. Insights with respect to deictic use are first found in the linkage between the Greek meaning of deixis/ (pointing out) and its Latin translation: demonstratio .
1.1 Introduction
The origin and use of deictic terms, e.g., I, you, this, that, here, there, now, and then have fascinated linguists and philosophers for more than a century (Jespersen 1922/2008; Benveniste 1956/1971; Lyons 1968, 1977, 1995; Peirce 18671913; Bhler 1934/1990), given their unique and complex semantic and pragmatic interplay. Insights with respect to deictic use are first found in the linkage between the Greek meaning of deixis/ (pointing out) and its Latin translation: demonstratio . Many prominent linguists and psychologists take the literal translation of deixis at its face value of pointing out, and apply it indiscriminately to any instance of directional representation as necessarily deictic. This view is represented by Lyons (1968, 1977, 1995), Diessel (1996, 1999), Levinson (2004), Volterra et al. (2005), and Zinober and Martlew (1985), among others. To illustrate, Lyons (1995: 269) states that, the vast majority of utterance-inscriptions in most languages are implicitly, if not explicitly, indexical or deictic. His claim assumes that any utterance which directionalizes is, by its very nature, deictic. This line of reasoning puts deictic expressions on par with any directional expression, such that indexical and deictic expressions are indistinguishable.
The present view acknowledges that deictic expressions, linguistic and otherwise, derive from indexical representations, but distinguishes between indexical pre-deictic use and indexical deictic use. Indexicals, e.g., gestures and location terms, are used pre-deictically until deictic meanings are in place, whereupon a use can be deictic or non-deictic. Pre-deictic expressions may be used non-deictically after deictic meaning is apprehended, although such is often unconscious. To illustrate, eye gaze, pointing, and the demonstrative that can be used in a non-contrastive or non-reciprocal way, even beyond the point in ontogeny when gestures or demonstratives indicate more than one perspective or location. In other words, even after apprehending the locative distinction (deictic use) of this and that, children and adults can opt to use that non-contrastively to refer to any object of focus. All early indexical gestures are pre-deictic, but their later uses can be either deictic or non-deictic, depending on whether they express social reciprocity. Pre-deictic use reveals unidirectional notice of any object or object location without consideration of orientational differentials consequent to shifting origos , and their movement or position. Early gestural uses such as eye gaze, pointing, and the like are pre-deictic, since as indexes, they do not recognize particular classes (Nunberg 1993: 3639; 1995: 111) within which a reciprocal social relationship is operational. Even early linguistic uses, namely, of demonstratives which have the potential to express location, boundaries, and orientational shifts are likewise pre-deictic, if recognition of their shifting character is still unrecognized. Since demonstratives are arguably the most indexical terms that can be used perceptually (ego-based) or socially, tracing demonstrative use in ontogeny as a particular semantic and pragmatic device showcases the transition from pre-deictic to deictic use, and highlights whether the use (once deictic contrasts are apprehended) is deictic or non-deictic.
Unlike other linguistic forms (content words such as nouns and verbs), terms with potentially deictic use refer principally to entities in the here and now (especially in early uses) and not to within-dialogue (anaphoric) referents (Diessel 1999: 152153); nor do they, at this stage, refer to intangibles such as meanings or mental representations. Demonstratives (referring to noticed objects, and not differentiated places) constitute the earliest terms produced universally by childrenmost often within the first ten words (Clark 2009: 94). In fact, demonstratives are the earliest orientational terms whose referents shift on each occasion of use; hence, they are the earliest deictic expressionsfrom global (spatially undifferentiated) uses of that, to differentiated uses of this and that, such that the spatial parameters of each, within which the referents are located, typically do not overlap. Demonstratives derive, not from lexical items (which is the case for other terms), but from directional gestures; these gestures continue to be employed concurrently with demonstratives disambiguating which referent is the focus (Bates 1976: 55, 61; Clark 1978: 9697, 2009: 94; Diessel 1999: 110; 2006: 466). Reliance on visual indexes early on, such as eye gaze and pointing, accentuates the foundational role of indexical meaning in the acquisition of these deictics. Gradually, indexical meanings are enriched by more symbolic ones, making I the conventional category of speaker, you of listener, this of speakers near space, and that of speakers far space.
Until this more classificatory use emerges, the few deictics that do appear in childrens repertoires are pre-deictic. At this juncture, between 1;6 and 2;8, before the onset of this, either gesture or deictic term refer to any object of focus within any space. These early uses are pre-deictic, in that although referents of focus shift from use to use, neither the origo nor the location of the referent(s) demand the use of a different signifier. Children use that to refer to near or far objects without differentiating among possible points of orientation; and in this use, they need not know or can avoid names for thingsa single index suffices to refer to any object, e.g., the thing in near or far space. Neither the system of relative location of referents, nor potential orientations of origos to those referents is apprehended, determining its use to be pre-deictic. It is only when differentiated classifications of space and of origo are recognized, that deictic use can reach its potential.
Pre-deictic and non-deictic indexical expressions are differentiated here from deictic ones by virtue of representations whose location, relational qualities, and orientational perspectives are apprehended, from those which have yet to be apprehended, in the former case; and in the latter case, from those for which they are not relevant in the context. Both pre-deictic and non-deictic representations ignore classifications which encode role and place differentiations. Pre-deictic representations ignore such as a consequence of incomplete or undifferentiated knowledge, as in I want that cookie and that cookie (accompanied by pointing and eye gaze to each in turn, independent of the relative location of the cookies to the child). Non-deictic representations, however, ignore spatial classifications from a lack of need to contrast objects in locations (only one of that object is present), as in that burned me referring to an activated stovethe stove is not being compared to another stove, nor to perspectives of other origos . Deictic use is ascertained when a relationship between at least two object locations is made relevant in the context, and when the many-faceted and altering locations of other people in their conversational roles are apprehended and likewise become relevant. Hence, necessary to deictic use of demonstratives is the coordination of several often (but not exclusively) binary systems which interact to establish the origo , object location with respect to the origo , possible movement or displacement of origo , and origo s orientation to, and distance from, the place within which the object is located.
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