Acknowledgments
This book derives from my fifteen years of teaching social movement courses at the undergraduate and graduate levels along with my research on collective action. I owe gratitude to dozens of individuals (and hundreds of students in the classroom). Rogelio Saenz, Harland Prechel, and Sam Cohn of Texas A&M University encouraged me to offer courses in social movements early in my career. Nella Van Dyke at the University of California, Merced, did the same. An army of student research assistants at UC Merced also made this manuscript possible, including Anna Schoendorfer, Joselyn Delgado, Maria Mora, Miriam Mosqueda, Sarai Velasquez, Carolina Molina, Valezka Murillo, Karen Gomez, and Rocio Murillo. I also benefited from the technical expertise of Andrew Zumkehr and Samuel Alvarez. I received valuable feedback on social movement dynamics when coteaching courses abroad (at the University of Costa Rica and at the National Autonomous University of Honduras) and while presenting my work in universities throughout Central America. I owe enormous debts to the activists I have interviewed over the years, mobilizing over issues varying from state repression to privatization, free trade, and environmental contamination. Two Fulbright Fellowships in 2008 and 2015 allowed me the time and resources to participate in international field research and to coteach courses on social movements.
My thinking about social movements has also evolved from collaborations with Mark Lichbach, Nella Van Dyke, Roxana Delgado, Allen Cordero, Chris Chase-Dunn, Eugenio Sosa, Mara Incln, Maria Mora, Alejandro Zermeo, and Rodolfo Rodriguez. I am eternally grateful for my original collaborator and mentor, Linda Stearns. I would never have advanced as a scholar without Lindas guidance and time. I appreciate the hospitable environment of my sociology department and colleagues at UC Merced, which include Laura Hamilton, Nella Van Dyke, Zulema Valdez, Sharla Alegria, Whitney Pirtle, Kyle Dodson, Tanya Golash Boza, Ed Flores, Irenee Beattie, Charlie Eaton, Marjorie Zatz, and Elizabeth Whitt. I appreciate the extra time Ed Flores took to look over parts of the manuscript and provide new insights.
UC Press representatives have been supportive from day one. I was thrilled when former acquisitions editor Seth Dobrin invited me to produce a work on social movements. Maura Rausner provided the perfect level of encouragement to finish the final manuscript. Sabrina Robleh offered constant technical advice in preparing the work. My copy editor, Jeff Wyneken, nicely cleaned up my prose and patiently awaited my corrections. In a world with such limited availability, I deeply appreciate the time the eleven anonymous external reviewers devoted to reading entire drafts of the manuscript and providing critical feedback. It is rare in sociology to have the opportunity to receive so much constructive commentary on ones work. The final product, undoubtedly, is vastly improved by having so many readers. I am also very much indebted to the hundreds of social movement scholars found in the bibliography, whose work I draw on throughout the book. An introductory social movement text would be impossible without the community of scholars that has produced a vast amount of literature to build upon. All misinterpretations of the work of others bears my responsibility.
Most important, I thank Andrea, for her constant support.
1
Social Movements
The Structure of Collective Action
The voluntary coming together of people in joint action has served as a major engine of social transformation throughout human history. From the spread of major world religions to community-led public health campaigns for reducing debilitating vector-borne diseases at the village level, collective mobilization may lead to profound changes in a wide variety of contexts and societies. At key historical moments, groups have unified in struggle in attempts to overthrow and dismantle systems of oppression and subordination, as observed in indigenous peoples resistance to colonialism and in rebellions launched by enslaved populations. In the twenty-first century, collective action by ordinary citizens around the world could prove decisive in slowing down global warming and in supporting planetary survival. In short, the collective mobilization of people creates a powerful human resource that can be used for a range of purposes. In this volume we explore a particular type of collective actionsocial movements.
The study of social movements has increased markedly over the past two decades. This is largely the result of theoretical and empirical advances in sociology and related fields as well as an upsurge in collective action in the United States and around the world. The variety of mobilizations examined by students of social movements ranges from the anti-Trump resistance to anti-neoliberal and austerity protests in Asia, Africa, Europe, and Latin America. Already by 2011, global protests reached such a crescendo that Time magazine crowned the Protester as the Person of the Year (Andersen 2011). Then, in stunning fashion, citizens broke the record for the largest simultaneous demonstrations in the history of the United States, with the womens marches in 2017 and 2018. With so much social movement activity occurring in the twenty-first century, some experts predict we are moving into a social movement society (Meyer 2014) or a social movement world (Goldstone 2004).
On the basis of the best systematic evidence available from global surveys and big data collections of protest events over time (Ward 2016), social movement activity continues to be sustained around the world at heightened levels in the contemporary era (Dodson 2011; Karatasli, Kumral and Silver 2018). Indeed, over the past two decades groups engaging in social movement activities have not just proven to be impressive by their scale and intensity of mobilization, but have also transformed the social and political landscapes in the United States and across the globe. A brief sketch of some of the largest movements, including the anti-Trump resistance, immigrant rights, and movements for economic and climate justice, exemplifies these claims.