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Jose Ortega y Gasset [Gasset - The Revolt of the Masses

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Jose Ortega y Gasset [Gasset The Revolt of the Masses

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The Revolt of the Masses

By Jos Ortega y Gasset

Translated by Marciano Guerrero

4/7/2012

From Plato to Rousseau, to John Locke, and to our contemporary Francis Fukuyama, political theorists have always attempted to look back to find the agents of change of civilization. In The Revolt of the Masses, Jos Ortega y Gasset focuses on the phenomenon of the mass-man as the source of the changes for ill or good in the European and American societies.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Essay 1 Introduction: Biography and Works

Essay 2 Peaceful Coexistence: Pessimism, Superiority, and Liberalism

Chapter 1 The Reality of the Masses

Ch22 The Rising of the Historic Level

Ch3 The Altitude of the Times

Ch4 The Growth of Life

Ch5 A Statistical Datum

Ch6 The Dissection of the Mass-Man

Begins

Ch7 Noble Life and Vulgar Life

Ch8 Why the Masses Intervene in

Everything

Ch9 Primitivism and the Technical

Ch10 Primitivism and History

Ch11 Age of the Self-Satisfied Dandy

Ch12 The Barbarism of "Specialization"

Ch13 The Greatest Danger, the State

Ch14 Who Commands in the World?

Ch15 Arriving at the Real Issue

Endnotes

Essay 1 Introduction
A Brief Biography

Jose Ortega y Gasset (1883 1955) may be Spain's most important philosopher of the 20 th century, although some may argue that Miguel De Unamuno may have that claim. That will not be settled here. I will simply say that both men were importanteach in his own way.

From 1898 to 1902 Ortega studied at the University of Madrid, earning his bachelor's degree in the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters. Two years later he earned his doctorate with a thesis The Terrors of the Year 1000 Critique of a Legend . In 1905 he went to Germany and studied at the Universities of Leipzig, Berlin and MarburgMarburg was then the hotbed of philosophical inquiry in Germany. In 1910 Ortega became professor of metaphysics in the University of Madrid, until the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936.

The life of an intellectual

Ortega began his literary activity as a writer in 1902. His collaborations in newspapers and magazines, his books, lectures and publishing efforts single-handedly changed Spanish intellectual life, and later, his influence spread throughout Latin America. In 1923 he founded the Revista de Occidente, which kept Spanish-speaking readers fully informed of all intellectual issues and movements. By means of translations Ortega incorporated into the Spanish thought the most important parts of German idealism and classical works.

From 1936 on Ortega lived in France, Holland, Argentina, Portugal and Germany, with sojourns in Spain beginning in 1945. These were his mature years as evidenced by his mature work, and the rush to translate his works. Ortega always had Spain on mind, and all his work is conditioned by his nationalism.

Writing Style

That Ortega was a great writer, there is no doubt; suffice it to read a few pages to realize that we are in front of a consummate stylist. Not only does he occupy a secure place among the half-dozen most admirable Spanish prose writers of the century, but also the top slot. His literary gifts permitted him to channel a transformation of the language into a vigorous stream of clear philosophical expression. By creating a lexicon until then inexistent, he influenced many young writers into clarity of expression. While writers like Heidegger dwelled in mystical and hermetic jargon, Ortega opted for transparency of language. However, he did develop a tendency for aphoristic and metaphorical writing. Using metaphors not just for adornment, nor for personal satisfaction, but for their value to bring to light difficult ideas, was his aim. He was fond of saying, that "In philosophy, clarity is courtesy."

Personal philosophy: Vital Reason

At the same time, Ortega achieved a renewal of certain literary forms. The writing of his works in view of the circumstances in Spain obliged him for many years to publish his thought in articles in newspapers or in essay form; he offered just that amount of philosophy that his readers could effectively absorb at any moment. "It was necessary to seduce readers toward philosophical problems with lyrical methods," he once said. Thus, Ortega wrote articles and essays of a special nature, which constitute some of the most important works of the twentieth century.

Ortega's interest was not limited to strictly philosophical problems; rather, he carried his philosophical point of view to all themes of life: literature, art, politics, history, sociology-all human themes have been dealt with by him. And with respect to an enormous number of questions, one often finds in a page or two by Ortega the illumination one has sought in vain in heavy volumes. However, all his writings, even those that seem furthest removed from philosophy, are linked to a philosophical purpose, and they can be understood fully only in the light of his system. This is because Ortega concerned himself above all with philosophy; and so today, centuries after Suarez, Spain again reckons with an authentic, original and strict metaphysician. By means of his intellectual work and influence, Ortega made philosophy in Spain not only fresh and fun, but also accessible to contemporary readers!

The most important works

Ortega's literary production was deep and expansive as an ocean. His Complete Works, collected in six volumes, contain writings published from 1902 to 1943. His most important works are Meditations on Quixote (1914); The Spectator (eight volumes 1916- 1934) Invertebrate Spain (1921); The Theme of Our Time (1923); The Atlantises (1924); The Dehumanization of Art and Ideas on the Novel (1925); Kant (19244- 1929); The Revolt of the Masses (1930); and The Mission of the University (1930).

My translation The Revolt of the Masses

Because other translations are veritable literal translations and contain many errors and rather than translations are rough paraphrasing and interpretations I have labored to present a fresh and accurate translation that honors the memory of Jose Ortega y Gasset. One aim has motivated me from beginning to end of this project: to present to English readers the Spanish philosophers ideas as truthful as he wrote them in his original language. My reward will be after readers finish reading the book to have readers say: nothing was lost in the translation.

Essay 2 From Pessimism and Superiority to Peaceful Coexistence

The thought of Jose Ortega y Gasset continues to show its relevancy in view of the need in the 21 st century for a peaceful coexistence among countries; a coexistence that would transcend politics and religion and other surmountable differences.

Ortegas thought defends the need to think of countries and continents as coexisting in zones that transcends politics, with common goals and aspirations that will enable them to work together on common projects. The European Union is a perfect example of Ortegas vision.

The Revolt of the Masses partially published as a series of essays in the 1920's, saw its final publication as a book in 1930. Afterwards Ortega expanded and clarified his ideas by writing two related lengthy essays: "Preface for the French" and "Epilogue to English." Many of his ideas in The Revolt of the Masses remain prophetic and useful for subsequent generations.

Primary Influences

Three writers definitely influenced the thinking of Ortega y Gasset. From Schopenhauer he assimilated a sense of pessimism for the European race. From Nietzsche he saw that there was an audience for Nietzsches idea of the superman. And from John Stuart Mill he adopted his libertarian ideas. Three notions seem to permeate and guide Ortegas writing: pessimism, the superior individual, and liberalism.

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