Garcia Anthony - Tactical urbanism: short-term action for long-term change
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In the twenty-first century, cities worldwide must respond to a growing and diverse population, ever-shifting economic conditions, new technologies, and a changing climate. Short-term, community-based projects?from pop-up parks to open streets initiatives?have become a powerful and adaptable new tool of urban activists, planners, and policy-makers seeking to drive lasting improvements in their cities and beyond. These quick, often low-cost, and creative projects are the essence of the Tactical Urbanism movement. Whether creating vibrant plazas seemingly overnight or re-imagining parking spaces as neighborhood gathering places, they offer a way to gain public and government support for investing in permanent projects, inspiring residents and civic leaders to experience and shape urban spaces in a new way. Tactical Urbanism, written by Mike Lydon and Anthony Garcia, two founders of the movement, promises to be the foundational guide for urban transformation. The authors begin with an in-depth history of the Tactical Urbanism movement and its place among other social, political, and urban planning trends. A detailed set of case studies, from guerilla wayfinding signs in Raleigh, to pavement transformed into parks in San Francisco, to a street art campaign leading to a new streetcar line in El Paso, demonstrate the breadth and scalability of tactical urbanism interventions. Finally, the book provides a detailed toolkit for conceiving, planning, and carrying out projects, including how to adapt them based on local needs and challenges. Tactical Urbanism will inspire and empower a new generation of engaged citizens, urban designers, land use planners, architects, and policymakers to become key actors in the transformation of their communities.;01. Disturbing the Order of Things -- 02. Inspirations and Antecedents of Tactical Urbanism -- 03. The Next American City and the Rise of Tactical Urbanism -- 04. Of Cities and Citizens: Five Tactical Urbanism Stories -- 05. A Tactical Urbanism How-To -- 06. Conclusion: Go Out and Use This Book!
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The Streets Plans Collaborative, Inc. 2015
Mike Lydon and Anthony Garcia Tactical Urbanism 10.5822/978-1-61091-567-0_101. Disturbing The Order of Things
Mike Lydon and Anthony Garcia
The lack of resources is no longer an excuse not to act. The idea that action should only be taken after all of the answers and the resources have been found is a sure recipe for paralysis. The planning of a city is a process that allows for corrections; it is supremely arrogant to believe that planning can be done only after every variable has been controlled.
JAIME LERNER
Architect, former mayor of Curitiba, Brazil
If you visited Times Square on the Friday before Memorial Day in 2009, you, along with approximately 350,000 others, would have found a hostile urban environment. Walking into the district, youd find the famed public space dominated by trucks spewing noxious fumes, impatient taxis blaring horns, and cars turning across your feet despite a pedestrian signal in your favor. Youd lament the false advertising: Times Square is not a square at all but a traffic-clogged bowtie wound tightly around midtown Manhattans bulging neck. Its likely you never would have found a momentary reprieve from the chaos to observe what draws so many tourists there in the first place: the energy, the bright lights of Broadway, the spectacle of it all.
Yet if you returned after the same Memorial Day weekend, you would have experienced a very different place. The sidewalks, still full of life, would be noticeably less congested. The noise from the street would no longer seem as deafening. And to your astonishment, you would discover hundreds of people smiling, chatting, and taking photographs while they sat in foldable lawn chairs placed in the middle of the street. With space to look up and around to admire the lights you would realize that the new and somewhat makeshift public space is where, just days before, cars and trucks battered all senses. Even if you didnt know the term, you would have just discovered the power and potential of Tactical Urbanism. 
Traffic-choked Times Square before pedestrianization left little room for people. (Courtesy of New York Department of Transportation)
Using temporary materials, a Times Square opened to people brought economic, social, and safety benefits, including for those driving. (Courtesy of New York Department of Transportation)
What Is Tactical Urbanism?
Merriam-Websters defines tactical as of or relating to small-scale actions serving a larger purpose or adroit in planning or maneuvering to accomplish a purpose. Translated to cities, Tactical Urbanism is an approach to neighborhood building and activation using short-term, low-cost, and scalable interventions and policies. Tactical Urbanism is used by a range of actors, including governments, business and nonprofits, citizen groups, and individuals. It makes use of open and iterative development processes, the efficient use of resources, and the creative potential unleashed by social interaction. It is what Professor Nabeel Hamdi calls making plans without the usual preponderance of planning. In many ways, Tactical Urbanism is a learned response to the slow and siloed conventional city building process. For citizens, it allows the immediate reclamation, redesign, or reprogramming of public space. For developers or entrepreneurs, it provides a means of collecting design intelligence from the market they intend to serve. For advocacy organizations, it is a way to show what is possible to garner public and political support. And for government, its a way to put best practices into, well, practiceand quickly!
- tac ti cal \tak-ti-kal\
- adjective
- (1): of or relating to small-scale actions serving a larger purpose (2): adroit in planning or maneuvering to accomplish a purpose
Because the places people inhabit are never static, Tactical Urbanism doesnt propose one-size-fits-all solutions but intentional and flexible responses. The former remains the fixation of numerous and overlapping disciplines in the urban development fields, which assume that most variables affecting cities can be controlled now and into the distant future. The latter rejects this notion and embraces the dynamism of cities. This reframing invites a new conversation about local resiliency and helps cities and citizens together explore a more nuanced and nimble approach to citymaking, one that can envision long-term transformation but also adjust as conditions inevitably change. How this is done effectively is a focus of this book.
Of course we recognize that not all city-building efforts lend themselves to the tactical approaches we outline in this book; we dont advocate using temporary materials to pilot-test bridges or prototype skyscrapers. When done well, large-scale projects can be catalytic, if not iconic. The value of Tactical Urbanism is in breaking through the gridlock of what we call the Big Planning process (a nod to author Nicco Meles End of Big thesis, which well explore further in ) with incremental projects and policies that can be adjusted on the fly while never losing sight of long-term and large-scale goals. 
Cheap lawn chairs and orange traffic barrels were used to test the temporary closure of Times Square to automobiles. (Photo by Nina Munteanu, first appeared on ToulouseLeTrek.com)
Tactical Urbanism can be used to initiate new places or help repair existing ones. For example, when Bostons $22 billion Big Dig buried the Central Artery expressway and made room for the 15-acre Rose Kennedy Greenway, the new public green space needed to be activated. In response to his critique, and many others, the Rose Kennedy Greenway Conservancy began activating the forlorn spaces; demonstration gardens, street art, food trucks, and low-cost movable tables and chairs have breathed new life into the greenway. These low-cost modifications were never part of the master plan per se but demonstrate that improving otherwise lifeless public spaces need not cost millions of dollars.
Tactical Urbanism is not alone in its use of lower-cost, iterative development processes. The manufacturing industry, for example, often holds up the famed Toyota Way, which uses a continuous improvement process to achieve long-term goals..
Through our research and work, we have identified a burgeoning catalogue of Tactical Urbanism projects that respond to outdated policies and planning processes with innovative transportation, open space, and small-scale building initiatives. These projects often result from the direct participation of citizens in the creation and activation of their neighborhood, or the creative work of formal entities, such as nonprofits, developers, and government. Collectively, they demonstrate time and again that short-term action can create long-term change. 
Lightweight interventions and bold public art brought new life and attention to Bostons underwhelming Rose Kennedy Greenway. (Mike Lydon)
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