Limor Lavie - The Battle Over a Civil State: Egypts Road to June 30, 2013
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How is the concept of the civil state understood in Arab countries? In The Battle over a Civil State, Limor Lavie examines how this important concept, which originated in Western philosophy, became incorporated into Arab discourse. The civil state as understood in Arab political discourse, Lavie argues, attempts to bridge Islamic history and culture with modernity. It is an attempt to forge a middle ground between a purely theocratic rule and a purely secular rule, and a solution for the tensions between a desire to catch up with global modernization and democratization processes and the desire to reject those same processes. In the political discourse of most of the Arab Spring countries, the concept of the civil state played a pivotal role. In the public debate over the character of Egypt, in particular, following the January 25, 2011 uprising, the demand to establish a civil state was shared by all the political currents. However, when these currents sought to set out basic guidelines for Egypts future, it soon became clear that they were far from reaching a consensus, and that the concept of the civil state was at the heart of the controversy between them. The struggle over Egypts civil character in the post-Mubarak era was the main reason for the turbulence the country experienced on June 30, 2013leading to the ouster of President Muhammad Mursi.
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The Battle over a Civil State
The Battle over a Civil State
Egypts Road to June 30, 2013
LIMOR LAVIE
Published by State University of New York Press, Albany
2018 State University of New York
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission. No part of this book may be stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means including electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission in writing of the publisher.
For information, contact State University of New York Press, Albany, NY
www.sunypress.edu
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Lavie, Limor, author.
Title: The battle over a civil state : Egypts Road to June 30, 2013 / Limor Lavie.
Description: Albany : State University of New York, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017037232 | ISBN 9781438470436 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781438470443 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: EgyptPolitics and government19701981. | EgyptPolitics and government1981 | EgyptHistoryCoup detat, 2013. | Jamyat al-Ikhwn al-Muslimn (Egypt) | izb al-Waan al-Dmuqr (Egypt) | Civil societyEgypt.
Classification: LCC DT107.85 .L38 2018 | DDC 962.05/6dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017037232
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To Ben, Neta, and Little Or
My Love, My Joy, My Light
Contents
Acknowledgments
First, I want to express my deepest thanks to my dear family, especially my husbandmy life-coachwho supported and encouraged me despite the fact that I had spent almost every night, weekend, and vacation in front of the computer. I owe it all to you! I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor, Professor Eli Podeh, not just for instructing me throughout my PhD study, but for becoming my mentor. His guidance helped me through all the research and writing of this book. I also want to thank my supervisor, Professor Rami Ginat, for his continuous support of my PhD study and research. A very special thank you goes out to Professor Israel Gershoni, for encouraging me to publish this book, and also to my translator, Yoav Cohen, for whose help I am very grateful. And finally, many, many thanks to everyone at MEMRI (the Middle East Media Research Institute), where I spent many years following after Egyptian affairs and where I conducted a large part of the research for this book.
This book is derived in part from an article published in the Middle East Journal (January 2017) copyright The Middle East Institute, available online: https://muse.jhu.edu/article/647574 and on an article published in Middle Eastern Studies (2017), available online: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00263206.2017.1350845.
Introduction
On January 25, 2011, the earth shook in Egypt. Despite being a metaphorical earthquake, in many ways it was very similar to an actual one. Earthquakes are difficult to predict, despite the existence of early warning factors. In hindsight, it is easy to point out the subterranean currents that heralded the increase of internal pressure against the 30-year-old authoritarian rule of Husni Mubarak.
Earthquakes and their after effects do not always completely change the face of the Earth. So too in the Egyptian case. The citizens of Egypt do not, at this time, feel a fundamental change in their economic, social, and political situation, even though the country has experienced deep changes, with implications for the short and long term. After a prolonged convulsion and more than a few political upheavals, Egypt is currently still at the stage where it is finding its bearings, recovering, and stabilizing. One cannot rule out the possibility of additional shocks along the way, whether due to economic factors, the security situation regarding the fight against the Islamic State in the Sinai District, the concentration of power in the hands of the regime, or due to the tensions over the character of the state.
Similar to an earthquake, the January 25 Revolution destroyed structures of veteran institutions such as the ruling party, parliament, and the constitution; diminished bridges of delicate political and social relationships that connected rival groups, the minority with the majority, the military and the government; and created fierce sea waves, of significant change, aftershocks, and even a tsunami in the form of
Since the fall of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt, academic research has offered several explanations to the questions: Why did the Muslim Brothers attempt fail, even though it rose to power democratically as a result of a historic revolution? What was missing that could have guaranteed their success? What went wrong? The leading answers are of two types: the first explains the fall of the Muslim Brothers by pointing to a conspiracy on the part of veteran establishment institutions that desired to preserve their power in the post-Mubarak era; the second explains the soft coup by indicating the Muslim Brothers failure to administer power in numerous areas.
More specifically, the first type of explanation revolves around the deep state. According to this approach, the veteran institutions of the state, such as the military, police, legal system, al-Azhar, the media, and others wished to preserve the status they enjoyed and their interests under Mubarak and opposition to the ongoing changes. Therefore, they made it difficult for the Muslim Brothers to impose their rule and change the existing arrangements. This approach envisions a pyramid with the pyramidion nipped off, meaning that the president had indeed been deposed but that the underlying hierarchical structure remained functioning and strong. It also points out in particular the role of the military establishment as the preserver of the status quo, picturing it as an opportunistic player waiting for the right time of governmental weakness and public momentum to regain power.
This approach is joined by arguments that the military fomented crises in order to increase the level of public protest against the Mursi regime. For instance, one argument is that the military, along with confidants of the former regime that owned private gas stations, fueled the energy crisis that plagued the end of Mursis regime: a severe shortage in fuel that paralyzed Cairo and created unending lines at gas stations, disruptions in the supply of food and bread, in addition to frequent power outages and unsolvable economic problems (unemployment, a worsening public deficit, a decline in Egypts credit ratings, and more).
The second type of explanation revolves around the Muslim Brothers lack of experience and knowledge in running a state, which led to failures in administration in several areas. According to this approach, the Muslim Brothers rose to power due to the religious orientation of the movement, but were in actual fact judged according to their
In the brief period of his rule, Mursi did not advance the goals of the revolution: The frequent appointment of Muslim Brothers confidants to key positions was reminiscent of the favoritism that characterized the Mubarak regime and made the impression that Mursi was working to benefit his own rather than acting to benefit the public as whole. Order and stability remained out of reach, and so did the sense of security in the streets. The constitution that was drafted with his encouragement was ratified in an unusual procedure that served only to highlight the social polarization. Although this constitution did expand several rights and liberties, it limited religious freedom of non-Muslims and did not remove many of the restrictions that had been imposed upon civil organizations and the press. Justice was not fully served in the case of Mubarak and his people, and most of the monies smuggled out of the country were not returned.
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