Alice Lyman Miller - Becoming Asia: Change and Continuity in Asian International Relations Since World War II
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At the conclusion of World War II, Asia was hardly more than a geographic expression. Yet today we recognize Asia as a vibrant and assertive region, fully transformed from the vulnerable nation-states that emerged following the Second World War. The transformation was by no means an inevitable one, but the product of two key themes that have dominated Asias international relations since 1945: the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union to enlist the regions states as assets in the Cold War, and the struggle of nationalistic Asian leaders to develop the domestic support to maintain power and independence in a dangerous international context. Becoming Asia provides a comprehensive, systemic account of how these themes played out in Asian affairs during the postwar years, covering not only East Asia, but South and Central Asia as well. In addition to exploring the interplay between nationalism and Cold War bipolarity during the first postwar decades, authors Alice Lyman Miller and Richard Wich chart the rise of largely export-led economies that are increasingly making the region the global center of gravity, and document efforts in the ongoing search for regional integration. The book also traces the origins and evolution of deep-rooted issues that remain high on the international agenda, such as the Taiwan question, the division of Korea and the threat of nuclear proliferation, the Kashmir issue, and the nuclearized Indian-Pakistani conflict, and offers an account of the rise of China and its implications for regional and global security and prosperity. Primary documents excerpted throughout the textsuch as leaders talks and speeches, international agreements, secret policy assessmentsenrich accounts of events, offering readers insight into policymakers assumptions and perceptions at the time.
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Nicholas Tarling
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Stanford University Press
Stanford, California
Stanford, California
2011 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University.
All rights reserved.
All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system without the prior written permission of Stanford University Press.
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free, archival-quality paper
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Miller, Alice Lyman.
Becoming Asia : change and continuity in Asian international relations since World War II / Alice Lyman Miller and Richard Wich.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8047-7150-4 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-8047-7151-1 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-8047-7723-0 (electronic)
1. AsiaForeign relations1945 2. AsiaPolitics and government1945 I. Wich, Richard, 1933 II. Title.
DS35.2.M56 2011
327.5dc22
Becoming Asia : change and continuity in Asian international relations since World War II / Alice Lyman Miller and Richard Wich.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8047-7150-4 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-8047-7151-1 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-8047-7723-0 (electronic)
1. AsiaForeign relations1945 2. AsiaPolitics and government1945 I. Wich, Richard, 1933 II. Title.
DS35.2.M56 2011
327.5dc22
2010034559
Typeset by Westchester Book Group in 10/13.5 Minion.
To Avis and Joyce
ILLUSTRATION
MAPS
TABLE
PREFACE
The authors were prompted to undertake this work by their experience in teaching courses on Asian international relations since World War II. We found that the literature lacked a single, comprehensive, systemic account of this complex subject. For teaching purposes we improvised by splicing together selections from books and other sources, but this still left a need for an integrated approach to the subject. We hope that the result of our approach will serve the interests of various readerships, scholars and students, diplomats, journalists, military and intelligence personnel, members of international organizations and businesses, and others interested in how Asia became what it is today, playing an increasingly consequential role in global political, economic, and security affairs.
Our discussion of Asia is to be understood in a geopolitical sense, not including the Middle East. One of our objectives has been to integrate developments in South and Central Asia along with East Asia into the story of how the region developed from extensive colonial dependence into the vibrant, assertive Asia that it had become by the turn of the new millennium. Another objective was to provide perspective on one of the topics of compelling interest today: the rise of China. Because of China's central place in the international relations of Asia, from the time when it represented a power vacuum in the early postwar years, to its turbulent role during the Cold War, and now to its position as a major Geopolitical and economic force, we devote a full chapter to the remarkable trajectory of the People's Republic.
As reflected in our subtitle, we address elements of both change and continuity in the period since the watershed events of World War II. There have been transformative events such as decolonization, the end of the Cold War (in which Asia played a crucial role), and the increasing salience of transnational issues such as terrorism. At the same time, many deeply rooted issues have persisted in the most militarized region of the world. Issues such as the division of Korea and its implications for nuclear proliferation, the Taiwan issue and its potential for catastrophic regional conflict, and the Indian-Pakistani dispute and other sources of instability in South Asia figure in our story from the early postwar years to the present.
We believe that contemporaneous documentsleaders' talks and speeches, international agreements, secret policy assessmentsenrich accounts of events by what they show of policymakers' assumptions and perceptions at the time. We encourage readers to look into the original sources we have cited, and to whet their appetites we have scattered boxed excerpts of key documents throughout the text.
We are grateful to the undergraduate and graduate students and faculty members who have participated in our classes and stimulated our ideas on this subject at the Johns Hopkins University's School of Advanced International Studies, at Stanford University, and at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School over the past two decades. We also express our gratitude to academic and government colleagues with whom we debated the issues and trends we recount in this book over many years. Finally, we owe thanks to the two anonymous reviews for the publisher, whose suggestions have improved the book, and to the staff at Stanford University Press for their congenial and professional assistance. Each of the coauthors is convinced that all remaining flaws in the book are the fault of the other.
INTRODUCTION
To borrow Prince Metternich's characterization of Italy before its unification, Asia was not much more than a Western geographical expression at the end of World War II. Before the war, most of the region had been colonized or, in the case of China, dominated by foreign powers, and then during the war much of East Asia was forcibly embraced by the Japanese Empire. In the wake of the war, an upsurge of nationalist movements dispossessed the colonial powers. The postwar emergence of nation-states in most of the region for the first time had a transformative effect, with the new states ardently committed to the Westphalian concept of sovereignty. However, the evolution of nation-states in Asia was complicated by the importation of the U.S.-Soviet Cold War from its European cockpit. Even after the end of the Cold War, the effects of broader influences continued to shape the Geopolitical landscape of Asia as a new century unfolded.
This history is an effort to provide a systemic perspective on these complex developments, focusing not on the outlook and actions of any single state but on the interactions of states and other forces within both a regional and a global context. The goal is to provide an interpretive account of how Asia became a region of increasingly consequential nation-states, leading to a shift in the global center of gravity toward the regionand prompting some observers to descry the advent of the Asian century. Another aspect of this effort is to identify deep-seated continuities, in particular to track the origin and evolution of key issues still at the top of the international agenda, such as the division of Korea and nuclear proliferation, the Taiwan issue, the rise of China, Japan's role, the Kashmir issue and the now nuclearized Indian-Pakistani conflict, and the increasing salience of transnational issues such as terrorism.
Key documents, some public at the time and others later declassified, are used to examine the mind-sets and policy choices of the various protagonists in order to assess their goals and evaluate the effects of their decisions, anticipated and not. Excerpts from some of these documents appear throughout the text.
TWO MAJOR NARRATIVE THEMES
The narrative of this history interweaves the two threads that have dominated Asia's international relations since World War II. One is the competition between the great powers of the postwar-erathe United States and the Soviet Unionto enlist the region's states as assets in their global competition, the Cold War. The other is the struggle of Asian nationalistic leaders to establish independent nation-states and to develop the domestic support and the elements of national power to sustain sovereignty in a dangerous international context.
The interplay between these two trends was a direct consequence of World War II, which, from a global perspective, was a genuine watershed. The structure of international relations after the war was fundamentally different from that preceding it, the war having decisively altered the cast of great powers that had played major roles both globally and in Asia. Also, in the aftermath of the war, statesmen's ideas and approaches regarding international affairs, though they were based in part on lessons they drew from the war and its origins, were different from those that led them into it. Finally, the war set in motion trends that continued to define the features of the international landscape into the next century. For these reasons, the war makes a natural starting point.
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