Gilbert Ramsay - Jihadi Culture on the World Wide Web
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This volume examines jihadi content on the Internet by drawing on both Arabic and English primary source materials. After examining this content as digital media, the work looks at how it is productively consumed by online communities, including how jihadi individuals construct themselves online and how jihadism is practiced and represented as an online activity. The work also discusses the consumption of such jihadi media by those who are hostile to radical Islam and the relation between fantasy, pleasure, ideology, and ordinary life.This unique survey features case studies, such as the cyberjihadi Irhabi 007, pro-US and Israeli patriots who are often openly Islamophobic, and Infovlad --a forum that became the meeting place for radical Islamists and radical freelance counter terrorists.This innovative approach to studying violent content on the Internet is a significant contribution to the literature that will appeal to anyone interested in political violence, terrorism, and political communication.
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Gilbert Ramsay
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Jihadi Culture on the World Wide Web
NEW DIRECTIONS IN TERRORISM STUDIES
A series edited by
Max Taylor
Professor in International Relations (retired), University of St Andrews, Scotland where he was formerly Director of the Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence
P. M. Currie
Senior Visiting Fellow at the School of International Relations at the University of St Andrews, Scotland
John Horgan
Associate Professor of Science, Technology and Society and Director of the International Centre for the Study of Terrorism at Pennsylvania State University, USA
New Directions in Terrorism Studies aims to introduce new and innovative approaches to understanding terrorism and the terrorist. It does this by bringing forward innovative ideas and concepts to assist the practitioner, analyst and academic to better understand and respond to the threat of terrorism, challenging existing assumptions and moving the debate forward into new areas.
The approach is characterized by an emphasis on intellectual quality and rigour, interdisciplinary perspectives, and a drawing together of theory and practice. The key qualities of the series are contemporary relevance, accessibility and innovation.
For Dina, my sweetheart.
Jihadi Culture on the World Wide Web
GILBERT RAMSAY
Contents
M y journey to this book has been a long one, and there are numerous people to thank along the way. Clearly, without the support, encouragement and intellectual input of my tireless supervisors at St Andrews, first Alex Schmid and then Max Taylor, I would certainly never have finished the dissertation on which this book is based. But without Mark Curries warm encouragement, that dissertation might still be languishing on the shelves of the University library. Of course, I must also mention the rest of my wonderful colleagues at the School of International Relations at the University of St Andrews, especially at my particular workplace, the Handa Centre for Terrorism Research. In addition to my time at St Andrews, my thinking was also shaped in important ways during the sabbatical year I took to write a report for the United Nations, working under the able direction of Richard Barrett. In addition to providing limitless support, my beloved wife Dina and my darling son Adam have had a lot to put up with and have done so with more good grace than I probably deserve. I have had a lot to learn as a first-time author, including a lot a probably should have known already, but my editors: first Marie Claire, at Continuum, and latterly Matthew Kopel at Bloomsbury have been enormously helpful.
I n the years after 9/11 and especially following the invasion of Iraq there was a proliferation of jihadi websites, blogs, forums and other online media. For others, for all their sound and fury, they signified a good deal less than this.
These claims have not gone away. But now that we are more than a decade from 9/11, now that occupying forces have left Iraq, now that we are the better part of a decade from the last major Al Qaeda attack on a Western country to have been successfully carried out, now that the battered NATO campaign in Afghanistan is winding down, now that epochal events such as the global financial crisis and the Arabic revolutions have provided new things for security analysts to fret about, now that American assassins have shot Osama Bin Laden in the head and dumped his corpse at the bottom of the Indian Ocean, now that hellfire missiles have accounted for much of the rest of the Al Qaeda leadership and a good many innocent bystanders as well; now that, for good or ill, all these things have happened, we can perhaps at least get some distance on the subject. We can begin to ask, properly, what this online phenomenon really meant and what its continuing existence continues to mean.
That is what this book is about. It is an attempt to step back from the intensity, even hysteria of the discussion about jihadism online and to try to view it as something of potential interest, not just as a possible security threat (though that should not be altogether discounted), or as a source of open source intelligence but also, perhaps, as something of cultural interest in its own right something which blurs the boundaries between political reality, myth, legend and, ultimately, fantasy.
In trying to do this, I make no claims to comprehensiveness. I have before me a huge empirical and theoretical terrain which I have no intention of mapping out completely even to the extent of sketching the coastline of every continent. No doubt someone will one day produce a fascinating history of the emergence of the first online communities to describe themselves as jihadi, of the curious characters who dedicated themselves to tracking them with a fanaticism not much short of those who served as their online quarries, of the virtual war both sides thought they were fighting.
But this book neither provides, nor pretends to provide, such an overarching analysis. As argument requires, I shall touch on some of these themes, but no more than that. I am, in any case, wary of producing precisely the same too neat narrative of online jihadi action as that which informs both jihadis and those most dedicated to studying them. Empirically, I shall be much more concerned with small I hope telling details than with exhaustive overviews. Often, my examples will be drawn from what is ordinary, mundane, routine or even seemingly peripheral about jihadi content and activity online. I shall, for example, be as much interested in matters such as how internet jihadis go about requesting a suitable online signature, or with the kinds of musing that get posted in the unglamorous general sections of jihadi forums as with, for example, the acrimonious wars of words between Zarqawists and al-Maqdisists, or between partisans of Al Qaeda and the Islamic Army of Iraq which tore jihadist communities apart, splitting whole forums down the middle.
Still less shall I aim to provide a behind the scenes expos of the genuine connections that do of course exist between the media apparatuses of jihadist groups and their more kinetic aspects. Again, this is an important subject, and the day will come when it will be possible to chronicle it adequately. But again this is not my subject except in so far as some treatment of it is essential to my overall argument.
It might be imagined, then, that this book is intended to be a rarified academic exercise, remote from real world concerns about security. It is true that this book is premised on the idea that the notion of online jihadism as a security threat in itself has been badly overrated. And yet, as I shall go on to argue, the thesis that one can talk, in some sense, about a distinctive jihadi culture online, dependent, but not reducible to the real-world violence which it claims to be premised on, as well as being of interest in its own right, must also be an important part of any attempt to understand the practical issue of so-called violent radicalization among self-styled supporters of Al Qaeda.
The real puzzle here is not so much trying to understand why a relatively few people, through a more or less comprehensible set of psycho-social processes, leave their ordinary lives to carry out acts of extraordinary violence; but rather
At this point, a different sort of reader is perhaps equally concerned that I am so immediately back to talking about violence, security and radicalisation. Are we to believe that anything which is jihadi is somehow automatically associated with terrorism? Dont I know (this reader may be wondering) that for many Muslims the true meaning of jihad is the jihad al-akbar an inner spiritual struggle to live morally? I dont want to get ahead of myself, as this issue will come up again later on, but a few words of clarification are probably needed at this point.
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