Michael Kent OLeary - The Politics of American Foreign Aid
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Every year the Administration and the Congress battle stubbornly and often bitterly over appropriations for foreign aid. Clearly much more is at stake than a difference of opinion over a small fraction of the annual budget: the tug-of-war stems from clashes of basic political philosophies, divergent approaches to one of the most important elements of our foreign policy, and inherent conflicts among various domestic power blocs.In his book, which adds a much-needed dimension to the discussion and analysis of United States foreign policy, OLeary reveals the many complex factors that go into the making of American foreign aid policy. While placing the emphasis on the political system as a whole--its components, the relative power of actors in the system, and the manner in which they interact to create policy--the author presents a detailed and enlightening picture of the attitudes of the general public, the political parties, the pressure groups, and Congress itself to the issue of foreign aid.Basing his work on poll data, press comment, Congressional and Executive documents, Congressional roll-call votes, and interviews with congressmen, their assistants, foreign aid officials, and lobbyists, OLeary makes clear how the workings of the American political system affect our foreign aid policy and programs. Originally published in 1967, it remains useful for all courses dealing with our foreign relations, Congress, or the specifics of the operation of our government.
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THE POLITICS of AMERICAN FOREIGN AID
THE POLITICS of AMERICAN FOREIGN AID
Michael Kent OLeary
First published 1967 by Transaction Publishers
Published 2017 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Copyright 1967 Taylor & Francis.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2007024718
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
OLeary, Michael Kent.
The politics of American foreign aid /Michael Kent OLeary.
p. cm.
Originally published: New York : Atherton Press, 1967.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-202-30994-1
1. Economic assistance, American. 2. United StatesPolitics and government1945-1989. I. Title.
The politics of American foreign aid /Michael Kent OLeary.
p. cm.
Originally published: New York : Atherton Press, 1967.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-202-30994-1
1. Economic assistance, American. 2. United StatesPolitics and government1945-1989. I. Title.
HC60.O43 2007
327.111dc22 2007024718
327.111dc22 2007024718
ISBN 13: 978-0-202-30994-1 (pbk)
TO THE MEMORY OF MY FATHER
HAROLD KARAN JACOBSON The University of Michigan
Each year the United States, in full public view, debates its foreign aid program. To start the process, the President submits a budgetary request to the Congress. Usually, his asking figure is not very different from that of the previous year. Congress then considers his request. First an authorization is enacted, and finally the appropriation is granted. At each step the figure is always decreased, sometimes only slightly, at other times significantly. Usually, nearly half a year elapses before the culmination. The public at large may or may not become deeply involved; in no instance, however, is it completely excluded. The debate is inevitably accompanied by some acrimony, and occasionally intense bitterness. Basic aspects of American foreign policy are called into question, and allegations are made that important objectives are being jeopardized. In the end an appropriation has always been enacted, and the aid program continues without interruption. Nevertheless the process is ungainly. It is dismaying not only to the proponents of foreign aid but also to its opponents, albeit for different reasons and to a lesser extent.
American scholars have increasingly been attracted to foreign aid as a subject for analysis, partly because of its importance and intrinsic interest as a basic instrument of modern foreign policy, and partly, no doubt, because they are members of the political system in which the annual appropriation struggle occurs. Generally they have been concerned with the purposes and uses of foreign aid. The understanding of its potentialities and limitations has been improved as a result of scholars efforts, and, whether they intended it or not, their works have often provided justifications for one or another point of view in the continuing debate. Despite this leavening, the appropriation struggle goes on year after year with little basic change. Even the innovations of a new administrationcommissions, study groups, administrative reorganizationshave by now become standard.
Although these scholars have examined various aspects of the appropriating process, no one has systematically analyzed it in its totality. The need for such an analysis is glaringly obvious. Foreign aid is one of the major segments of United States foreign policy, and understanding the way in which funds are appropriated for this purpose is basic to an understanding of how foreign policy is formulated. Moreover, it is conceivable that a better understanding of the process may yield insights as to how it could be improved. Thus an analysis of the subject could benefit both students of and participants in the formulation of foreign policy. Given its obvious utility, such an analysis has been long overdue.
Professor OLearys book fills this gap, and with distinction. If overdue, it was well worth the wait. The first comprehensive study of how foreign aid appropriations are made, it is an outstanding piece of work. Starting with an analysis of public opinion and ending with a scrutiny of the role of the executive, it encompasses the entire political system. Its perceptive examination of the entire process is capped with basic and provocative questions about foreign aid and, more broadly, about United States objectives in world affairs. Questions relating to both topics deserve serious debate, and, as Professor OLeary demonstrates, they ought to be considered together. The book both calls for and significantly contributes to a type of debate on foreign aid that differs substantially from what has occurred in the past.
Even if it did not fill such an important need, the book would deserve commendation for its grace and humor, its obvious scholarship, its skillful blend of quantitative and nonquantitative techniques of analysis. The subject is always the core concern, but every effort is made to provide the most precise and accurate description and analysis possible. The data are handled with skill and imagination. Most importantly, the book deals perceptively with the links among various levels of the political process, a difficult task which few books concerning the formulation of United States foreign policy undertake and fewer still accomplish satisfactorily. The literature on foreign aid contains many separate studies of public opinion, of parties and interest groups, of Congress, and of the Executive, but few have been bold enough to examine the subject in the light of the entire political system. As a consequence, knowledge about the functioning of the system has been curiously uneven. Much is known about how the various parts function, but little about how these parts relate to one another. In this sense, too, Professor OLearys treatment is fresh and sorely needed.
I will not foretell the authors findings, nor delay the reader longer. I merely urge the reader on to the study, with my enthusiastic recommendation. I am confident that students of the subject, policy-makers, and interested members of the public alike will find it highly rewarding.
In large measure this work is based on documentary researchopinion surveys, government documents, and scholarly works. But at least equal debt is owed to the nearly one hundred participants in the foreign aid policy process who granted interviews which were invaluable in the preparation of this study. Insofar as the pages which follow accurately portray an important arena of American policy-making, the credit is due those who were so generous with their time and knowledge.
At the risk of slighting the many persons who offered helpful advice and criticism, I would like to render individual thanks to four whose contributions were especially valuable: the late Edgar S. Furniss, Jr., who exposed me to the fascination of the politics of foreign policy-making; H. Field Haviland, Jr., who provided shrewd insights into the peripatetic business of research in Washington, D.C.; Stanley Kelley, Jr., who, with firmness tempered by patience and good humor, eliminated some of the manuscripts more glaring errors; and David Baldwin, who further assisted in excising inaccuracies and irrelevancies. Needless to say whatever weaknesses remain are not their fault, but mine.
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