James B Greenough - Allen and Greenoughs New Latin Grammar

Allen and Greenoughs

NEW

LATIN

GRAMMAR

Allen and Greenoughs

NEW

LATIN

GRAMMAR

J. H. ALLEN AND J. B. GREENOUGH

EDITED BY

J. B. GREENOUGH, G. L. KITTREDGE, A. A. HOWARD,

AND BENJ. L. DOOGE

DOVER PUBLICATIONS, INC.

MINEOLA, NEW YORK

Bibliographical Note

This Dover edition, first published in 2006, is an unabridged republication of Allen and Greenoughs New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges, originally published by Ginn and Company, Boston, in 1903.

International Standard Book Number: 0-486-44806-1

Manufactured in the United States by Courier Corporation

44806105

www.doverpublications.com

PUBLISHERS NOTE

THIS Dover edition is an unaltered reprint of the famed 1903 edition of the New Latin Grammar created by Joseph Henry Allen (18201898) and James Bradstreet Greenough (1833-1901) and ably edited by Greenough himself along with George Lyman Kittredge, Albert Andrew Howard, and Benjamin Leonard DOoge. After all these years, the New Latin Grammar remains popular and invaluable for Latin study. It is seriously out of date, however, in one area: the sections ( , on pages 405-427) on rhythm and versification. Therefore, though we have left those sections untouched, we can not vouch for their accuracy. We would recommend that the student interested in Latin poetry turn to one of these sources as a supplement to this volume:

The Meters of Greek and Latin Poetry, by James W. Halporn, Martin Ostwald, and Thomas G. Rosenmeyer (Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1994; ISBN: 0-872-20243-7)

A Guide to Latin Meter and Verse Composition, by David J. Califf (London: The Anthem Press, 2002; ISBN 1-898-85572-2)

PREFACE

THE present book is a careful revision of the edition of 1888. This revision was planned and actually begun in the lifetime of Professor Greenough and has been carried out in accordance with principles that met with his full approval. The renumbering of the sections has made it possible to improve the arrangement of material in many particulars and to avoid a certain amount of repetition which was inevitable in the former edition. Thus, without increasing the size of the volume, the editors have been able to include such new matter as the advance in grammatical science has afforded. The study of historical and comparative syntax has been pursued with considerable vigor during the past fifteen years, and the well-established results of this study have been inserted in their appropriate places. In general, however, the principles and facts of Latin syntax, as set forth by Professor Greenough, have stood the test both of scientific criticism and of practical use in the class-room, and accordingly the many friends of Allen and Greenoughs Grammar will not find the new edition strange or unfamiliar in its method or its contents. The editors have seen no occasion to change long-settled nomenclature or to adopt novel classifications when the usual terms and categories have proved satisfactory. On the other hand, they have not hesitated to modify either doctrines or forms of statement whenever improvement seemed possible.

In the matter of hidden quantity the editors have been even more conservative than in the former revision. This subject is one of great difficulty, and the results of the most recent investigations are far from harmonious. In many instances the facts are quite undiscoverable, and, in general, the phenomena are of comparatively slight interest except to special students of the arcana of philology. No vowel has been marked long unless the evidence seemed practically decisive.

The editors have been fortunate in securing the advice and assistance of Professor E. S. Sheldon, of Harvard University, for the first ten pages, dealing with phonetics and phonology. They are equally indebted to Professor E. P. Morris, of Yale University, who has had the kindness to revise the notes on historical and comparative syntax. Particular acknowledgment is also due to Mr. M. Grant Daniell, who has coperated in the revision throughout, and whose accurate scholarship and long experience as a teacher have been of the greatest service at every point.

SEPTEMBER 1, 1903.

CONTENTS

Allen and Greenoughs

NEW

LATIN

GRAMMAR

LATIN GRAMMAR

Latin Grammar is usually treated under three heads: 1. Words and Forms; 2. Syntax; 3. Prosody. Syntax treats of the function of words when joined together as parts of the sentence; Prosody of their arrangement in metrical composition.

PART FIRSTWORDS AND FORMS

THE ALPHABET

The Latin Alphabet is the same as the English (which is in fact borrowed from it) except that it does not contain J, U, and W.

NOTE 1.The Latin alphabet was borrowed in very early times from a Greek alphabet (though not from that most familiar to us) and did not at first contain the letters G and Y. It consisted of capital letters only, and the small letters with which we are familiar did not come into general use until the close of the eighth century of our era.

NOTE 2.The Latin names of the consonants were as follows:B, be (pronounced bay);C, ce (pronounced hay);D, de (day);F, ef;G, ge (gay);H, ha;K, ka;L, el;M, em;N, en;P, pe (pay);Q, qu (koo);R, er;S, es;T, te (tay);X, ix;Z, zeta (the Greek name, pronounced dzayta). The sound of each vowel was used as its name.

a. The character C originally meant G, a value always retained in the abbreviations C. (for Gius) and Cn. (for Gnaeus).

NOTE.In early Latin C came also to be used for K, and K disappeared except before a in a few words, as Kal. (Kalendae), Karthg. Thus there was no distinction in writing between the sounds of g and k. Later this defect was remedied by forming (from C) the new character G. This took the alphabetic place formerly occupied by Z, which had gone out of use. In Ciceros time (see N. D. ii. 93), Y (originally a form of V) and Z were introduced from the ordinary Greek alphabet to represent sounds in words derived from the Greek, and they were put at the end of the Latin alphabet.

b.I and V were used both as vowels and as consonants (see ).

NOTE.v originally denoted the vowel sound u (oo), and F stood for the sound of our consonant w. When F acquired the value of our f, v came to be used for the sound of w as well as for the vowel u.

In this book i is used for both vowel and consonant i, u for vowel u, and v for consonant u:is, vir, iuvenis.

Classification of Sounds

The simple Vowels are a, e, i, o, u, y.

The Diphthongs are ae, au, ei, eu, oe, ui, and, in early Latin, ai, oi, ou. In the diphthongs both vowel sounds are heard, one following the other in the same syllable.

Consonants are either voiced (sonant) or voiceless (surd). Voiced consonants are pronounced with the same vocal murmur that is heard in vowels; voiceless consonants lack this murmur.

1. The voiced consonants are b, d, g, l, r, m, n, z, consonant i, v.

2. The voiceless consonants are p, t, c (k, q), f, h, s, x.

Consonants are further classified as in the following table: