Donald V. Coers - John Steinbeck as propagandist: The moon is down goes to war
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John Steinbeck as propagandist: The moon is down goes to war
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In March 1942, a desperate period for the allies in World War II, John Steinbeck published his propaganda novel The Moon is Downthe story of ruthless invaders who overrun a militarily helpless country. Throughout the novel, Steinbeck underscored both the fatal weakness of the invincible unnamed aggressors and the inherent power of the human values shard by the conquered people. The Moon is Down created an immediate sensation among American literary critics; fierce debate erupted over Steinbecks uncommonly sympathetic portrayal of the enemy and the novels power as a vehicle for propaganda. Fifty years later, Coers continues the debate, relying heavily on unpublished letters and personal interviews with the lawyers, book dealers, actors, publishers, and housewives associated with the resistance movements in Western Europe. Clandestine translations of The Moon Is Down quickly appeared and were widely circulated under the noses of the Gestapo. Coers documents the fate of Steinbecks novel in the hands of World War II resistance fighters and deepens our appreciation of Steinbecks unique ability to express the feelings of oppressed peoples.
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John Steinbeck As Propagandist : The Moon Is Down Goes to War
author
:
Coers, Donald V.
publisher
:
University of Alabama Press
isbn10 | asin
:
0817305386
print isbn13
:
9780817305383
ebook isbn13
:
9780585316383
language
:
English
subject
Steinbeck, John,--1902-1968.--Moon is down, Politics and literature--United States--History--20th century, Steinbeck, John,--1902-1968--Political and social views, Steinbeck, John,--1902-1968--Appreciation--Europe, World War, 1939-1945--Literature and the
publication date
:
1991
lcc
:
PS3537.T3234M683 1991eb
ddc
:
813/.52
subject
:
Steinbeck, John,--1902-1968.--Moon is down, Politics and literature--United States--History--20th century, Steinbeck, John,--1902-1968--Political and social views, Steinbeck, John,--1902-1968--Appreciation--Europe, World War, 1939-1945--Literature and the
Page iii
John Steinbeck as Propagandist
The Moon is Down Goes to War
Donald V. Coers
Page iv
Copyright 1991 by The University of Alabama Press Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0380 All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America
The paper on which this book is printed meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Science-Permanence of Paper of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.
designed by zig zeigler
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Coers, Donald V., 1941 John Steinbeck as propagandist: The moon is down goes to war / Donald V. Coers. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references (p.) and index. ISBN 0-8173-0538-6 1. Steinbeck, John, 19021968. Moon is down. 2. Steinbeck. John, 19021968 AppreciationEurope. 3. Steinbeck, John, 19021968Political and social views. 4. World War, 19391945Literature and the war. 5. World War, 1939 1945Propaganda. 6. Propaganda, American. I. Title. PS3537. T3234M683 1991 813'. 52dc20 90-26583 CIP
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data available
Page v
For Mary Jeanne
Page vii
Contents
Preface
ix
1. American Reception
1
2. Norway
27
3. Denmark
55
4. Holland
85
5. France
99
6. Other Countries
113
7. Conclusion
125
Notes
139
Works Cited
155
Index
167
Page ix
Preface
Page xi
In early March 1942, a scant three months after Pearl Harbor, John Steinbeck published his play-novel The Moon Is Down, igniting in this country the most heated literary debate of the Second World War. He had intended to celebrate the "durability of democracy" with this fablelike tale, in which a small, peace-loving country, rather like Norway, is demoralized after being invaded by a powerful fascist state, rather like Nazi Germany, but recovers from the shock of defeat and occupation to form a promising resistance movement. Steinbeck had been eager to lend his talents to the Allied war effort, and he had hoped that The Moon Is Down would boost morale both in his own country and in occupied Europe by proclaiming that free people are inherently stronger than the "herd people" controlled by totalitarian leaders, and that, despite the initial advantage of the militarily mighty dictators, the democracies would eventually win the war.
Page xii
Steinbeck's optimism was not widely shared during the dark winter days of 1942, when the Japanese were still advancing in the Pacific and the Germans, having already marched through much of Europe, continued on the offensive in Russia and in North Africa. In fact, his faith seemed dangerously naive to some influential American critics who were Convinced that Steinbeck's message was bad propaganda because it made an Allied victory seem inevitable. These critics, who were led by Clifton Fadiman and James Thurber, believed that a superior propagandistic ploy would have been to present the bitter prospect that the war could very easily still be lost. Steinbeck's detractors also objected to his depiction of the Nazilike invaders in his tale. He had done something unusual for a propagandist of this period. He had presented the enemy not as demons but as thoughtful and intelligent human beings committing evil. Steinbeck believed that the customary propagandistic hype would be ineffective among Europeans who were experiencing the occupation firsthand and who would know therefore that not all Germans were monsters. His critics, on the other hand, claimed that those Europeans would be baffled and even demoralized by such "idealized" Nazis.
To be sure, Steinbeck had his defenders during the months in which the debate over The Moon Is Down
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