Weber - General Economic History

General References.A. Meitzen, Siedelung und Agrarwesen der West- und Ostgermanen, der Kelten, Rmer, Finnen und Slawen. 4 vols. Berlin, 1896; G. F. Knapp, Siedelung und Agrarwesen nach A. Meitzen, in his Grundherrschaft und Rittergut , 101 ff. (Criticism of Meitzen); Max Weber, Article, Agrargeschichte, Altertum, in the Handwrterbuch der Staatswissenschaften, 3d ed., I, 52 ff. Jena, 1909.

See G. Hanssen, Ansichten ber das Agrarwesen der Vorzeit in Neues staatsbrgerliches Magazin, vol. III (1835) and vol. VI (1837)reprinted in his Agrarhistorischen Abhamdlungen, 2 vols., Leipsic, 18801884; also, G. von Maurer, Einteitung zur Mark- Hof-Dorf- und Stadtverfassung, Munich, 1854; E. de Laveleye, De la proprit et de ses formes primitive, Paris, 1874 (English translation, Primitive Property, London, 1878).

For orientation as to the origin and course of the controversy, see G. von Below, Das kurze Leben einer vielgenannten Theorie, in the volume, Probleme der Wirtschaftsgeschickte, Tuebingen, 1920; also, Max Weber, Der Streit um den Character der altgermanischen Sozialverfassung, in Jahrbb. f. National-konomie und Statistik, vol. LXXXIII (1904).

The hide organization has recently been the subject of a controversy closely connected with that regarding the theory of primitive communism. The older view saw in it a result and expression of the communal field system, but later writers contend for a manorial origin. Rbel, again, maintains that it was an institution originally peculiar to the Salian Franks and was spread over all Germany by the Frankish kingdom.

Cp. in general, Max Weber, Gesammelte Aufstze zur Religionssoziologie, Tuebingen, 1920, I, 350, and references there cited.

But it is not these arrangements which explain the stability of Indian conditions, as Karl Marx affirmed, but rather the caste system, just as in China it is the clan economy.

The principal contrast in agrarian economy between Europe and specifically Asiatic regions goes back to the fact that neither the Chinese nor Javanese peoples knew the use of milk from animals, while on European soil milking is met with as far back as Homer. On the other hand, in India since the middle ages, cattle cannot be slaughtered, and even today the upper castes condemn the eating of meat. Hence milk animals and meat animals are both absent in Asia over wide areas.

Cp. the right to bear arms, which existed to the time of the Peasants War. It will be seen that there is a right corresponding to the duty of the freeman to participate in the juridical community.

This investigation goes back to J. J. Bachofen, Das Mutterrecht, Stuttgart, 1861. The matriarchal ( mutterrechtliche ) origin of the family asserted by Bachofen was taken over into the works of L. H. Morgan (especially Ancient Society, New York, 1871), and of H. S. Maine ( Ancient Law, London, 1861), and became the foundation of the socialistic theory. Cp. the works of Bebel, Engels, and Cunow. E. Grosse ( Die Formen der Familie und die Formen der Wirtschaft, Freiburg and Leipsic, 1896) represents the reaction against a one-sided mother-right theory. Indicating the present state of knowledge, and in general free from bias, is Marianne Weber, Ehefrau und Mutter in der Rechtsetwicklung, Tuebingen, 1907.

Cp. J. G. Frazer, Totemism and Exogamy, London, 1910.

Cp. Genesis, 34, 8 ff.

The fate of the Israelites in Egypt is thus explained.

Cp. Max Weber, Gesammelte Aufstze zur Religionssoziologie, II, 69 ff.

Cp. A. Helps, The Spanish. Conquest in America. 4 vols. London, 18551861. The encomienda presupposes the system of repartimientos, or distribution of the Indians among the lords on a basis of number of individuals.

Cp. Max Weber, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft ( Grundriss der Sozialkonomik III Abt.), Tuebingen, 1922, 724 ff.

Cp. the summarizing sketches of P. Vinogradoff, Origins of Feudalism, in the Cambridge Medival History, II, 631 ff., and Feudalism, Ibid., III, 458 ff.

Cp. A. Dopsch, Die Wirtschaftsentwicklung der Karolingerzeit, 2d ed., 2 vols., Weimar, 192122; also P. Vinogradoff, reference in Note 5 of Chap. III; H. See, Les classes rurales et le rgime domaniale en France, Paris, 1901; F. Seebohm, The English Village Community, 4th ed., London, 1890; P. Vinogradoff, Villainage in England, Oxford, 1892, and The Growth of the Manor, 2d ed., London, 1911; F. W. Maitland, Domesday Book and Beyond, Cambridge, 1897; F. Pollock and F. W. Maitland, The History of English Law before the Time of Edward I, 2d ed., 2 vols., Cambridge, 1898; R. Ktschke, Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 80ff.

Against the attempt of Dopsch to interpret the Capitulare de Villis as a special dispensation for Aquitania, see G. Baist, Vierteljahrschrift f. Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte VII (1914), 22 ff. and J. Jud and L. Spitzer, Wrter und Sachen, VI (1914/15), 116 ff.

Cp. M. Weber, Die rmische Agrargeschichte in ihrer Bedeutung fr das Staats- und Privatrecht, Stuttgart, 1891; articles, Agrargeschichte (by M. Weber) and Kolonat (by M. Ros-towzew) in the Handwrterbuch, 3d ed. (with extensive references).

Cp. J. E. Cairnes, The Slave Power, its character, career and probable designs, New York, 1862; H. J. Nieboer, Slavery as an industrial system, The Hague, 1900; B. DuBois, The suppression of the African slave trade, New York, 1904; G. Knapp, Die Landarbeiter in Knechtschaft und Freiheit, 2d ed., Leipsic, 1909, 1 ff.

See references in Note 5 of Chap. III and Note 1 of Chap IV; also the histories by Ashley, Rogers, and Cunningham.

Cp. E. v. Stern, Die russische Agrarfrage und die russische Revolution, Halle, 1918.

Cp. G. von Below, Territorium und Stadt, Munich and Leipsic, 1900, 194; Th. Knapp, Gesammelte Beitrge zur Rechts- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, etc., Tuebingen, 1902; W. Wittich, in Grundriss der Sozialkonomik, VII (1914) 1 ff., and in the Handwrterbuch, V3 (1911) 208 ff. (Articles, Gutsherrschaft).

Cp. L. Brentano, Erbrechtspolitik. Alte und neue Feodalitt, Stuttgart, 1899.

Cp. M. Weber, Die Verhltnisse der Landarbeiter im ost-elbischen Deutschland, Leipsic, 1892.

Cp. articles, Bauernbefreiung (by G. Knapp et al.) in the Hamdwrterbuch II3, 541 ff, and (by J. C. Fuchs) in the Wrter-buch der Volkswirtschaft, I2, 365 ff.

Cp. survey in M. Weber, Gesammelte Aufstze zur Religionssoziologie, I, 350 ff.

For references see M. Webers article in the Handwrter-buck, 3d ed., I, 182 ff.

See references in Note 5 of Chap. II and Note 1 of Chap. IV.

Cp. M. Kowalewsky, La France conomique et sociale la veille de la rvolution, vol. I, Paris, 1909; E. Bonnemre, Histoire des paysans depuis la fin du moyen ge jusqu nos jours, 4th ed., Paris, 1886; H. See, Les classes rurales et le rgime domaniale en France, Paris, 1901.

Cp. K. Griinbeig, Die Bauernbefrevung und die Auflsung des gutsherrlich-buerlichen Verhltnisses in Bhmen, Mhren und Schlesien , 2 Pts., Leipsic, 1894; Ibid., Studien zur sterr. Agrargeschichte, Leipsic, 1901; Emil Kun, Sozialhistorische Bertriige zur Landarbeiterfrage in Ungarn, Jena, 1903.