Friedrich Engels - The Condition of the Working Class in England

The state of the workers before the Industrial Revolution The jenny Emergence of the industrial and the agricultural proletariat The throstle, the mule, the power-loom, the steam-engine The victory of machine-work over hand-work The development of industrial might The cotton industry The hosiery manufacture The manufacture of lace Dyeing, bleaching, printing The manufacture of wool The linen trade The manufacture of silk The production and manufacture of iron Coal-mining The production of pottery Agriculture Roadways, canals, railroads, steamboats Summary The emergence of the proletariat as a factor of national importance The middle-classs view of the workers

Classification of the proletariat Centralization of property The levers of modern manufacture Centralization of population

The impression produced by London The social war and the system of general plundering The lot of the poor General description of the slums In London: St Giles and the adjoining quarters Whitechapel The interior of the workers dwellings The homeless in the parks Night refuges Dublin Edinburgh Liverpool Factory towns: Nottingham, Birmingham, Glasgow, Leeds, Bradford, Huddersfield Lancashire: general description Bolton Stockport Ashton-under-Lyne Stalybridge Detailed description of Manchester: the general system of its building The Old Town The New Town The method of construction of working-mens quarters Courts and side streets Ancoats Little Ireland Hulme Salford Summary Lodging-houses Overcrowdedness of population Cellar dwellings The clothing of the workers Food Tainted meat Adulteration of provision False weights, etc. General conclusion

Competition among the workers determines the minimum of wages, competition among the property-holding people determines their maximum The worker, the slave of the bourgeoisie, is forced to sell himself by the day, and by the hour Surplus population Commercial crises A reserve army of workers The hard lot of this reserve army during the crisis of 1842

The causes and figures Description by Thomas Carlyle Lack of cleanliness, crudeness and drunkenness among the Irishmen The influence of Irish competition and of the contacts with the Irish upon the English workers

Preliminary remarks The influence of the above-described conditions on the health of the workers The influence of large towns, dwellings, uncleanliness, etc. The facts Consumption Typhus, in particular in London, Scotland and Ireland Digestive troubles The results of drunkenness Quack remedies Godfreys Cordial Mortality among workers, especially among young children Accusation of the bourgeoisie of social murder Influence on the mental and moral condition of the workers Absence of the necessary conditions for education inadequacy of evening and Sunday schools Ignorance The workers living conditions give him a sort of practical training Neglect of the workers moral training The law as the only instructor in morals The workers conditions of life tempt him to disregard law and morality The influence of poverty and insecurity of existence upon the proletariat Forced work The centralization of the population Irish immigration The difference in character between the worker and the bourgeois The proletarians advantages over the bourgeois The unfavourable sides of the proletarian character Drunkenness Sexual irregularities Neglect of family duties Contempt for the existing social order Crimes Description of the social war

The influence of machinery Hand-loom weavers The work of men being superseded by machinery Female labour, the dissolution of the family The reversal of all relations within the family The moral consequences of the mass employment of women in factories Jus primae noctis The work of children The apprentice system Subsequent measures The facts related by the Factory Report Long working-day Night-work Cripples Other deformities The nature of factory work Relaxation of the whole organism Special diseases Testimony of the Commissioners Premature old age The specific influence of factory work upon the female physique Some especially injurious branches Accidents The bourgeoisies opinion of the factory system Factory laws and agitation for the Ten Hours Bill The stupefying and demoralizing nature of factory work Slavery Factory regulations The truck system The cottage system The comparison of the serf of 1145 with the free working man of 1845