Robert D. Jacobus - To Live and Play in Dixie: Pro Footballs Entry Into the Jim Crow South
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- Book:To Live and Play in Dixie: Pro Footballs Entry Into the Jim Crow South
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To Live and Play in Dixie: Pro Footballs Entry Into the Jim Crow South: summary, description and annotation
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While the story of the reintegration of professional football in 1946 after World War II is a topic that has been covered, there is a little-known aspect of this integration that has not been fully explored.
After World War II and up until the mid- to late 1960s, professional football teams scheduled numerous preseason games in the South. Once African American players started dotting the rosters of these teams, they had to face Jim Crow conditions. Early on, black players were barred from playing in some cities. Most encountered segregated accommodations when they stayed in the South. And when African Americans in these southern cities came to see their favorite black players perform, they were relegated to segregated seating conditions.
To add to the challenges these African American players and fans endured, professional football gradually started placing franchises in still-segregated cities as early as 1937, culminating with the new AFL placing franchises in Dallas and Houston in 1960. That same year, the NFL followed suit by placing a franchise in Dallas. Now, instead of just visiting a southern city for a day or so to play an exhibition game, African American players that were on the rosters of these southern teams had to live in these still segregated cities. Many of these players, being from the North or West Coast, had never dealt with de jure or even de facto Jim Crow laws.
Early on, if these African American players didnt toe the line or fought back (via contract disputes, interracial relationships, requesting better living accommodations in the South, protesting segregated seating, etc.), they were traded, cut, and even blackballed from the league. Eventually, though, as the civil rights movement gained steam in the 1950s and 1960s, African American players were able to protest the conditions in the South with success. Much of what happened in professional football during this time period coincided with or mirrored events in America and the civil rights movement.
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Atwood, Gretchen. Lost Champions: Four Men, Two Teams, and the Breaking of Pro Footballs Color Line. New York: Bloomsbury, 2016.
Beach, Walter. Consider This. Rock Hill, SC: New World Media, 2014.
Boyles, Royce, and Dave Robinson. The Lombardi Impact: Twenty People Who Were Brushed by Greatness. Rock Springs, WI: Rock Springs Publishers, 2011.
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Knight, Dawn. Taliaferro: Breaking Barriers from the NFL Draft to the Ivory Tower. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007.
Levy, Alan. Tackling Jim Crow: Racial Segregation in Professional Football. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2003.
Maraniss, David. When Pride Still Mattered: A Life of Vince Lombardi. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999.
Miller, Jeff. Going Long: The Wild 10-Year Saga of the Renegade American Football League in the Words of Those Who Lived It. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003.
Moore, Lenny, with Jeffrey Jay Ellish. All Things Being Equal: The Autobiography of Lenny Moore. Champaign, IL: Sports Publishing, 2005.
OToole, Andrew. Paul Brown: The Rise and Fall and Rise Again of Footballs Most Innovative Coach. Cincinnati, OH: Clerisy, 2008.
Patrick, Latrina. The Brady Keys Jr. Story: Overcoming Adversity by Staying within the Blessing. Albany, NY: Keys Group, 1999.
Piascik, Andy. The Best Show in Football: The 19461955 Cleveland Browns. New York: Taylor Trade, 2007.
. Gridiron Gauntlet: The Story of the Men Who Integrated Pro Football in Their Own Words. New York: Taylor Trade, 2009.
Rappoport, Ken. The Little League That Could: A History of the American Football League. New York: Taylor Trade, 2010.
Ross, Charles. Mavericks, Money, and Men: The AFL, Black Players, and the Evolution of Modern Football. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2016.
. Outside the Lines: African Americans and the Integration of the National Football League. New York: New York University Press, 1999.
Ryczek, William. Crash of the Titans: The Early Years of the New York Jets and the AFL. Kingston, NY: Total Sports, 2000.
Smith, Thomas G. Showdown: JFK and the Integration of the Washington Redskins. Boston: Beacon, 2011.
Webster, Gary. The League That Didnt Exist: A History of the All-America Football Conference, 19461949. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2019.
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Arbanas, Fred, April 11, 2017
Balthazar, George, July 12, 2017
Barnett, Tom, March 2, 2017
Bates, Ted, March 23, 2017, April 26, 2017
Beach, Walter, April 12, 2017
Boyette, Garland, May 17, 2015, May 23, 2017
Bradley, Harold, August 1, 2017
Brooker, Tommy, May 10, 2017
Brown, Robert, May 20, 2018
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