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Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen - The Story of Norway

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The Story of Norway by Hjalmar H Boyesen THE STORY OF THE NATIONS OCTAVO - photo 1
The Story of Norway
by Hjalmar H. Boyesen

THE STORY OF THE NATIONS
OCTAVO, ILLUSTRATED. PER VOL., $1.50
THE EARLIER VOLUMES WILL BE
THE STORY OF GREECE. By Prof. Jas. A. Harrison
THE STORY OF ROME. By Arthur Gilman
THE STORY OF THE JEWS. By Prof. Jas. K. Hosmer
THE STORY OF CHALDEA. By Z. A. Ragozin
THE STORY OF NORWAY. By Prof. H. H. Boyesen
THE STORY OF GERMANY. By S. Baring-Gould
THE STORY OF SPAIN. By E. E. and Susan Hale
THE STORY OF HUNGARY. By Prof. A. Vmbry
THE STORY OF CARTHAGE. By Prof. Alfred J. Church
THE STORY OF THE SARACENS. By Arthur Gilman
THE STORY OF ASSYRIA. By Z. A. Ragozin
THE STORY OF THE MOORS IN SPAIN. By Stanley Lane-Poole
THE STORY OF THE NORMANS. By Sarah O. Jewett
THE STORY OF PERSIA. By S. G. W. Benjamin
THE STORY OF ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE. By Prof. J. P. Mahaffy
THE STORY OF ANCIENT EGYPT. By Geo. Rawlinson
THE STORY OF THE GOTHS. By Henry Bradley
For prospectus of the series see end of this volume
G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS NEW YORK AND LONDON

The Story of the Nations
THE
STORY OF NORWAY

BY
HJALMAR H. BOYESEN

GEBHARD PROFESSOR OF GERMAN IN COLUMBIA COLLEGE, AUTHOR OK "GOETHE &
SCHILLER," "GUNNAR," "IDYLS OF NORWAY," ETC.
NEW YORK & LONDON
G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
The Knickerbocker Press
COPYRIGHT BY
G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
1886
Press of
G. P. Putnam's Sons
New York


TO
CHRISTIAN BRS
KNIGHT OF ST. OLAF, WASA, AND THE NORTH STAR, CONSUL OF
NORWAY AND SWEDEN IN NEW YORK, THIS HISTORY
OF HIS NATIVE LAND IS DEDICATED BY HIS
FRIEND THE AUTHOR

PREFACE.
It has been my ambition for many years to write a history of Norway, chiefly because no such book, worthy of the name, exists in the English language. When the publishers of the present volume proposed to me to write the story of my native land, I therefore eagerly accepted their offer. The story, however, according to their plan, was to differ in some important respects from a regular history. It was to dwell particularly upon the dramatic phases of historical events, and concern itself but slightly with the growth of institutions and sociological phenomena. It therefore necessarily takes small account of proportion. In the present volume more space is given to the national hero, Olaf Tryggvesson, whose brief reign was crowded with dramatic events, than to kings who reigned ten times as long. For the same reason the four centuries of the Union with Denmark are treated with comparative brevity. Many things happened, no doubt, during those centuries, but "there were few deeds." Moreover, the separate history of Norway, in the time of her degradation, has never proved an attractive theme to Norse historians, for which reason the period has been generally neglected.
The principal sources of which I have availed myself in the preparation of the present volume, are Snorre Sturlasson: Norges Kongesagaer (Christiania, 1859, 2 vols.); P. A. Munch: Det Norske Folks Historie (Christiania, 1852, 6 vols.); R. Keyser: Efterladte Skrifter (Christiania, 1866, 2 vols.); Samlede Afhandlinger (1868); J. E. Sars: Udsigt over den Norske Historie (Christiania, 1877, 2 vols.); K. Maurer: Die Bekehrung des Norwegischen Stammes zum Christenthume (Mnchen, 1856, 2 vols.), and Die Entstehung des Islndischen Staates (Mnchen, 1852); G. Vigfusson: Sturlunga Saga (Oxford, 1878, 2 vols.); and Um tmatal Islendinga sgum i fornld (contained in Safn til sgu Islands, 1855); G. Storm: Snorre Sturlasson's Historieskrivning (Kjbenhavn, 1878); C. F. Allen: Haandbog i Fdrelandets Historie (Kjbenhavn, 1863); besides a large number of scattered articles in German and Scandinavian historical magazines. A question which has presented many difficulties is the spelling of proper names. To adopt in every instance the ancient Icelandic form would scarcely be practicable, because the names in their modernized forms are usually familiar and easy to pronounce, while, in their Icelandic disguises, they are to English readers nearly unpronounceable, and present a needlessly forbidding appearance. Where a name has no well-recognized English equivalent, I have therefore adopted the modern Norwegian form, which usually differs from the ancient, in having dropped a final letter. Thus Sigurdr (which with an English genitive would be Sigurdr's) becomes in modern Norwegian Sigurd, Eirikr, Erik, etc. Those surnames, which are descriptive epithets, I have translated where they are easily translatable, thus writing Harold the Fairhaired, Haakon the Good, Olaf the Saint, etc. Absolute consistency would, however, give to some names a too cumbrous look, as, for instance, Einar the Twanger of Thamb (Thamb being the name of his bow), and I have in such instances kept the Norse name (Thambarskelver).
It is a pleasant duty to acknowledge my indebtedness for valuable criticism to my friends, E. Munroe Smith, J.U.D., Adjunct Professor of History in Columbia College, and Hon. Rasmus B. Andersen, United States Minister to Denmark, without whose kindly aid in procuring books, maps, etc., the difficulties in the preparation of the present volume would have been much increased. I am also under obligation to Dr. W. H. Carpenter, of Columbia College, and to the Norwegian artist, Mr. H. N. Gausta, of La Crosse, Wis., who has kindly sent me two spirited original compositions, illustrative of peasant-life in Norway.
Hjalmar H. Boyesen.
Columbia College ,
New York , April 15, 1886.

CONTENTS.
I.
PAGE
Who Were the Norsemen?-12
The Aryan migrations, 1-3The physical characteristics of Norway, 4, 5Early tribal organization and means of livelihood, 6-10Sense of independence and aptitude for self-government, 10-12.
II.
The Religion of the Norsemen-24
Theories regarding the origin of the Scandinavian gods, 13-16The Eddaic account of the creation of the world and of man, 16-18The world-tree Ygdrasil, 18The Aesir, their functions and their dwellings, 19-23Loke the Evil-Doer and his terrible children, 23, 24.
III.
The Age of the Vikings.Origin of the Viking Cruises-44
The Norsemen launch forth upon the arena of history, 25The origin of the viking cruises, 25-27Kingship among the Scandinavian tribes, 27, 28The three periods of the viking age, 28-30The contribution of the vikings to the political life of Europe, 30, 31Sigfrid of Nortmannia, 31Godfrey the Hunter, 31, 32-Charlemagne's prophecy in regard to the vikings, 32-34Hasting's stratagem, 34-36Ragnar, Asgeir, and Rrek, 36, 37Thorgisl in Ireland, 38, 39Olaf the White, 40, 41The vikings in England, 41Simeon of Durham's account of the vikings, 42The character of the vikings at home and abroad, 43, 44.
IV.
Halfdan the Swarthy-51
The descent of the Yngling race, 45The sacrifices of Aun the Old, 45Olaf the Wood-cutter, Halfdan Whiteleg, and Godfrey the Hunter, 46Birth of Halfdan the Swarthy, 46 Sigurd Hjort and the Berserk Hake, 47, 48Halfdan the Swarthy weds Ragnhild, 48Ragnhild's dream, 48King Halfdan's dream, 49Birth of Harold the Fairhaired, 49The Finn's trick, 50King Halfdan's death, 51.
V.
Harold the Fairhaired-73
Harold the Fairhaired woos Gyda, 52, 53Harold's vow, 53Herlaug and Rollaug, 54Harold's policy toward the conquered kings, 54, 55The feudal state, 55Taxation and the peasants' loss of allodial rights, 55, 56Haakon Grjotgardsson and Ragnvald, Earl of Mre, 56Kveld-Ulf and his sons, 56, 57Erik Eimundsson's invasion of Norway, 57His meeting with King Harold, 58The battle of Hafrs-Fjord, 59Earl Ragnvald cuts King Harold's hair, 59Harold marries Gyda, 59, 60Harold's treachery to Thorolf Kveld-Ulf's son, 60-62Kveld-Ulf's vengeance and migration to Iceland, 62, 63Duke Rollo in Norway and France, 64, 65Emigration of discontented magnates, 65, 66Snefrid, 67Queen Ragnhild, 68Erik Blood-Axe's feuds with his brothers, 69-71Guttorm Sindre, 71, 72Birth of Haakon the Good, 72Haakon is sent to Ethelstan, 72, 73Death of Harold, 73.
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