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The French Who Fought for Hitler

Thousands of Frenchmen volunteered to provide military help to the Nazis during World War II, fighting in such places as Belorussia, Galicia, Pomerania, and Berlin. Utilizing these soldiers memoirs, The French Who Fought for Hitler examines how these volunteers describe their exploits on the battlefield, their relations to civilian populations in occupied territories, and their sexual prowess. It also discusses how the volunteers account for their controversial decisions to enlist, to fight to the end, and finally to testify. Coining the concepts of outcast memory and unlikeable vanquished, Philippe Carrard characterizes the type of bitter, unrepentant memory at work in the volunteers recollections and situates it on the map of Frances collective memory. In the process, he contributes to the ongoing conversation about memory, asking whether all testimonies are fit to be given and preserved, and how we should deal with life narratives that uphold positions now viewed as unacceptable.

Educated in Switzerland, Philippe Carrard has taught at the University of Pennsylvania, the University of California at Santa Barbara, the University of California at Irvine, and the University of Vermont, and is currently a Visiting Scholar in the Comparative Literature Program at Dartmouth College. Over the past twenty years, his research has mainly concerned factual discourse the discourse that claims to represent actual events and situations. In this area, he has published Poetics of the New History: French Historical Discourse from Braudel to Chartier (1992), as well as numerous articles and book chapters that analyze conventions of writing in nonfiction.

The French Who Fought for Hitler
Memories from the Outcasts

Philippe Carrard

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, So Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo, Mexico City

Cambridge University Press

32 Avenue of the Americas, New York , ny 10013-2473, usa

www.cambridge.org

Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521198226

Philippe Carrard 2010

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2010

Printed in the United States of America

A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data

Carrard, Philippe.

The French who fought for Hitler : memories from the outcasts / Philippe Carrard.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

isbn 978-0-521-19822-6 (hardback)

1. Lgion des volontaires franais contre le bolchevisme Biography. 2. Waffen-SS. Franzsische SS-Freiwilligen-Sturmbrigade Biography. 3. Waffen-SS. Waffen- Grenadier-Division Charlemagne, 33 Biography. 4. World War, 19391945 Personal narratives, French. 5. World War, 19391945 Participation, French. 6. Soldiers France Biography. 7. Soldiers Germany Biography. 8. Outcasts France Biography. 9. Collective memory France. 10. World War, 19391945 Regimental histories Germany. I. Title. d757.32.c36 2010 940.540944dc22 2010024616

ISBN 978-0-521-19822-6 Hardback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

FOR IRENE

Contents

Acknowledgments

First of all, I must thank Dartmouth College and the University of Lausanne (Switzerland), whose libraries were prime resources for my research. At Dartmouth, I am particularly thankful to the Comparative Literature Program, which provided me with a home; to librarian Miguel Vallarades, who guided me through the maze of information available on the Internet; and to the Humanities Resource Center staff members Susan Bibeau and Thomas Garbelotti, who facilitated my endeavor by solving several computer problems.

On this side of the Atlantic, I am grateful to Mary Jean Green, Lynn Higgins, and Thomas Trezise, for rewarding conversations about the period of the Occupation in France; to Konrad Kenkel, for sharing his knowledge of World War II and its aftermath in Germany; to Atina Grossmann, for communicating valuable information about the condition of women in Germany toward the end of World War II; to Marion Kaplan, for offering generous feedback on a paper I had given on the subject of the volunteers memoirs; to Ronald Smelser and Edward Davies, for answering my questions about the popularity of some World War II literature in the United States; and to Dominick LaCapra, for encouraging a project that first appeared difficult to carry out.

Overseas, I want to express my appreciation to Siegfried Heimann, who taught me a lot about Berlin and its history; to Peter Schttler, who passed on several unpublished documents about Hitlers plans for Europe and the role of the French volunteers in the defense of Berlin; to Eric Lefvre, who liberally shared his historians expertise on the subject of the French volunteers; to my Swiss friends Jean-Pierre Allamand, Alain Campiotti, Marc Comina, Valrie Cossy, Catherine Dubuis, Mondher Kilani, Myriam Meuwly, Bertrand Mller, Jacques Pilet, Agns Rochat, Marianne Schoch-Kilani, Jean-Jacques Tschumi, Monique Tschumi, and the late Jean-Luc Seylaz, who never failed to inquire about the state of my writing activities and put up with my not-so-flexible schedules; and last but not least, to my family, who did not question the choice of a topic they could only find worrisome, and especially to my mother, Mireille Carrard, who insisted on reading some of the strange books she had seen on my desk.

Cambridge University Press has nurtured the project from the start. I am particularly indebted to the three anonymous readers for their useful suggestions and comments, and to my editors, Eric Crahan and Jason Przybylski, for their accessibility and the quality of their professional advice.

This book could not have been written without the complicity and support of my first and demanding reader, Irene Kacandes. Many passages in my text bear the trace of her familiarity with the subject of memory, and most pages, the imprint of her editorial assistance. The book is thus dedicated to her.

Brief portions of the text were published in French Historical Studies 31:3 (2008). I thank Duke University Press for permission to reprint.

A Note about Documentation and Translations

The system of documentation I am using is Parenthetical Documentation by Date of Publication and List of Works Cited. When an author is represented on that List by a single book, the documentation provided in parenthesis does not include the date of publication, only the page number(s). Most of the memoirs in my corpus and several of the scholarly studies to which I refer are in French and have not been translated into English. I have included, in brackets, a translation with the first mention of every title, when it did not involve obvious English cognates. When English translations exist, I have supplied in parenthesis the information published in English as. I am using the same conventions when I cite the titles of German memoirs and scholarly studies. All translations of excerpts from the memoirs in my corpus, as well as from French and German scholarly studies, are mine, unless otherwise indicated.

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