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Eric Bauer - Beyond Redundancy: How Geographic Redundancy Can Improve Service Availability and Reliability of Computer-Based Systems

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Eric Bauer Beyond Redundancy: How Geographic Redundancy Can Improve Service Availability and Reliability of Computer-Based Systems
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Beyond Redundancy: How Geographic Redundancy Can Improve Service Availability and Reliability of Computer-Based Systems: summary, description and annotation

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How Geographic Redundancy Can Improve Service Availability and Reliability of Computer-Based Systems

Enterprises make significant investments in geographically redundant systems to mitigate the very unlikely risk of a natural or man-made disaster rendering their primary site inaccessible or destroying it completely. While geographic redundancy has obvious benefits for disaster recovery, it is far less obvious what benefit georedundancy offers for more common hardware, software, and human failures. Beyond Redundancy provides both a theoretical and practical treatment of the feasible and likely benefits from geographic redundancy for both service availability and service reliability.

The book is organized into three sections:

  • Basics provides the necessary background on georedundancy and service availability

  • Modeling and Analysis of Redundancy gives the technical and mathematical details of service availability modeling of georedundant configurations

  • Recommendations offers specific recommendations on architecture, requirements, design, testing, and analysis of georedundant configurations

A complete georedundant case study is included to illustrate the recommendations. The book considers both georedundant systems and georedundant solutions. The text also provides a general discussion about the capital expense/operating expense tradeoff that frames system redundancy and georedundancy. These added features make Beyond Redundancy an invaluable resource for network/system planners, IS/IT personnel, system architects, system engineers, developers, testers, and disaster recovery/business continuity consultants and planners.

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IEEE Press 445 Hoes Lane Piscataway NJ 08854 IEEE Press Editorial Board - photo 1

IEEE Press

445 Hoes Lane

Piscataway, NJ 08854

IEEE Press Editorial Board

Lajos Hanzo, Editor in Chief

R. AbhariM. El-HawaryO. P. Malik
J. AndersonB-M. HaemmerliS. Nahavandi
G. W. ArnoldM. LanzerottiT. Samad
F. CanaveroD. JacobsonG. Zobrist

Kenneth Moore, Director of IEEE Book and Information Services (BIS)

Technical Reviewers

Xuemei Zhang

Network Design and Performance Analysis Division, AT&T Labs

Kim W. Tracy

Northeastern Illinois University

Copyright 2012 by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Bauer, Eric.

Beyond redundancy : how geographic redundancy can improve service availability and reliability of computer-based systems / Eric Bauer, Randee Adams, Daniel Eustace.

p. cm.

ISBN 978-1-118-03829-1 (hardback)

1. Computer input-output equipmentReliability. 2. Computer networksReliability. 3. Redundancy (Engineering) I. Adams, Randee. II. Eustace, Daniel. III. Title.

TK7887.5.B395 2011

004.6dc22

2011008324

oBook ISBN: 978-1-118-10491-0

ePDF ISBN: 978-1-118-10492-7

ePub ISBN: 978-1-118-10493-4

To our families for their encouragement and support:

Erics wife Sandy and children Lauren and Mark

Randees husband Scott and son Ryan

Dans wife Helen and daughters Christie and Chelsea

FIGURES

Figure 1.1. The Eight-Ingredient Model

Figure 1.2. Canonical Disaster Recovery Scenario

Figure 1.3. Recovery Time Objective and Recovery Point Objective

Figure 2.1. Canonical Service Impact Timeline

Figure 2.2. Reliability, Availability, and Quality of Service

Figure 2.3. Outage Downtime in Standalone NE Deployment

Figure 2.4. Outage Downtime with Redundant NE Deployment

Figure 3.1. Types of System Redundancy

Figure 3.2. State Transition Diagram of Simplex System

Figure 3.3. Availability Improvement Strategies for a Simplex System

Figure 3.4. Reliability Block Diagram of Redundant Pair

Figure 3.5. Service Availability of ActiveStandby Redundant Pair

Figure 3.6. Sample Reliability Block Diagram

Figure 3.7. Sample Standalone Redundant System

Figure 3.8. ActiveActive Markov Availability Model

Figure 3.9. ActiveActive Markov Availability Model with Formulas

Figure 3.10. ActiveStandby Markov Availability Model

Figure 3.11. Simplex Model with Mathematical Formulas

Figure 3.12. Outage Duration

Figure 3.13. Outage Duration for Disasters

Figure 4.1. Generic High Availability Model

Figure 4.2. Stable Service Delivery Path Across Generic Model

Figure 4.3. Degenerate Generic Model Without Element C

Figure 4.4. Failure Scenario in Generic Model

Figure 4.5. Recovery Scenario in Generic Model

Figure 4.6. Generic High Availability Model with Load Sharing

Figure 4.7. Georedundancy Using DNS SRV Records

Figure 5.1. Client-Initiated Recovery Scenario

Figure 5.2. Typical Client Processing Logic for Standalone Server

Figure 5.3. Generic Client-Initiated Recovery Logic with Redundant Servers

Figure 5.4. Session States Seen by a SIP Client A in Client-Initiated Recovery

Figure 5.5. Session States Seen by A in Client-Initiated Recovery Without Registration

Figure 5.6. Browser Query to Web Server

Figure 6.1. Generic High Availability Model

Figure 6.2. Sample Unavailability Contribution for ActiveStandby Redundancy

Figure 6.3. Simplified Standalone High-Availability Downtime Model

Figure 6.4. General Georedundant Manual Recovery Markov Transition Diagram

Figure 6.5. System-Driven Georedundant Recovery Markov Transition Diagram

Figure 6.6. Client-Initiated Georedundant Recovery Markov Transition Diagram

Figure 6.7. Client-Initiated and System-Driven Georedundant Recovery

Figure 6.8. Overlaying Generic Georedundancy Model Onto Simplistic Model

Figure 6.9. Outage Durations for Sample System with internal Redundancy

Figure 6.10. Simplified Client-Initiated Recovery Markov Model

Figure 6.11. Modified Client-Initiated Recovery Model

Figure 6.12. Estimating Service Unavailability During Manual Disaster Recovery

Figure 7.1. Standard Protocol Timeout

Figure 7.2. Adaptive Protocol Timeout

Figure 7.3. Timeout with Multiple Parallel Requests

Figure 7.4. Client/Server Keepalive

Figure 7.5. Manually Controlled Recovery Timeline

Figure 7.6. System-Driven Recovery Timeline

Figure 7.7. Client-Initiated Recovery Timeline

Figure 8.1. Generic Model of DNS

Figure 8.2. Practical Client-Initiated Model for DNS

Figure 8.3. Modeling Normal DNS Operation

Figure 8.4. Modeling Server Failure

Figure 8.5. Modeling Timeout Failure

Figure 8.6. Modeling Abnormal Server Failure

Figure 8.7. Modeling Multiple Server Failures

Figure 8.8. Simplified Client-Initiated Recovery Model with Formulas

Figure 8.9. Critical Failure Rate Parameter

Figure 8.10. Failure Rate as a Function of MTTR

Figure 8.11. F EXPLICIT Parameter

Figure 8.12. C CLIENT Parameter

Figure 8.13. TIMEOUT Parameter

Figure 8.14. CLIENTSFD Parameter

Figure 8.15. CLIENT Parameter

Figure 8.16. A CLUSTER1 Parameter

Figure 8.17. F CLIENT Parameter

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