Psychology Statistics For Dummies
by Donncha Hanna and Martin Dempster
Psychology Statistics For Dummies
Published by
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The Atrium
Southern Gate
Chichester
West Sussex
PO19 8SQ
England
www.wiley.com
Copyright 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, West Sussex, England
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, West Sussex, England
All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, England, or emailed to permreq@wiley.co.uk, or faxed to (44) 1243 770620.
Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley logo, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, A Reference for the Rest of Us!, The Dummies Way, Dummies Daily, The Fun and Easy Way, Dummies.com, Making Everything Easier, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc., and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales or promotional materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services. If professional assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read.
For general information on our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at 877-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993, or fax 317-572-4002.
For technical support, please visit www.wiley.com/techsupport .
Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some material included with standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books or in print-on-demand. If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the version you purchased, you may download this material at http://booksupport.wiley.com . For more information about Wiley products, visit www.wiley.com .
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data: A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-119-95287-9 (pbk); ISBN 978-1-119-95393-7 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-119-95394-4 (ebk); ISBN 978-1-119-95395-1 (ebk)
Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International, Padstow, Cornwall.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
About the Authors
Donncha Hanna is, among other more interesting things, a lecturer at the School of Psychology, Queens University Belfast.
He has been teaching statistics to undergraduate students, postgraduate students and real professional people for over 10 years (he is not as old as Martin). His research focuses on mental health and the reasons why students do not like statistics; these topics are not necessarily related. He attempts to teach statistics in an accessible and easy to understand way without dumbing down the content; maybe one day he will succeed.
Donncha lives in Belfast with two fruit bats, a hedgehog and a human named Pamela.
Martin Dempster is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Psychology, Queens University Belfast. He is a Health Psychologist and Chartered Statistician who has also authored A Research Guide for Health & Clinical Psychology.
He has been teaching statistics to undergraduate psychology students for over 20 years. As a psychologist he is interested in the adverse reaction that psychology students often have to learning statistics and endeavours to work out what causes this (hopefully not him) and how it can be alleviated. He tries to teach statistics in an accessible manner (which isnt always easy).
Martin lives in Whitehead, a seaside village in Co. Antrim, Northern Ireland, which isnt very well-known, which is why he lives there.
Dedication
From Donncha: For my mother and father. Thank you for everything.
From Martin: For Tom, who joined the world half way through the development of this book and has been a glorious distraction ever since.
Authors Acknowledgments
From Donncha: Im very grateful to the team at Dummies Towers for their work and guidance in getting this book to print particularly our editors Simon Bell and Mike Baker.
I would like to thank all the students, colleagues and teachers who have helped shape my thinking and knowledge about statistics (and apologise if I have stolen any of their ideas!). I must also acknowledge Pamela (who didnt complain when I used the excuse of writing this book to avoid doing the dishes) and my sister, Aideen, who offered practical help as always. Thanks to my friend and colleague Martin Dorahy who put up with me in New Zealand where half of this book was written. And of course to Martin Dempster, without whom there would be no book.
From Martin: This book is the product of at least 20 years of interaction with colleagues and students; picking up their ideas; answering their questions; and being stimulated into thinking about different ways of explaining statistical concepts. Therefore, there are many people to thank too many too list and certainly too many for me to remember (any more).
However, there are a few people who made contributions to the actual content of this book. My brother, Bob, who has a much better sense of humour than me, helped with some of the examples in the book. Noleen helped me to better formulate my thinking when I was having some difficulty and supported my decision to undertake this project in the first place. My mum and dad spurred me on with their ever-present encouragement. Finally, thanks to my colleague Donncha, who floated the idea of writing this book and asked me to collaborate with him on its development.