Hansen Helle Hvid - Logic, Language, and Computation 11th International Tbilisi Symposium, TbiLLC 2015, Tbilisi, Georgia, September 21-26, 2015. Revised Selected Papers

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Language and Logic

Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017

Helle Hvid Hansen , Sarah E. Murray , Mehrnoosh Sadrzadeh and Henk Zeevat (eds.) Logic, Language, and Computation Lecture Notes in Computer Science 10148 10.1007/978-3-662-54332-0_1

An Algorithm Defining the Choice of Active~Passive Formal Paradigms in Georgian

Rusudan Asatiani 1

(1)

Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia

Rusudan Asatiani

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Abstract

Two different formal paradigms traditionally referred to as Active and Passive are clearly distinguished in Georgian; however, there are many cases in which a simple semantic-functional interpretation of the paradigms cannot be given inasmuch as the constructions pointed out as Active or Passive can actually represent a variety of verb semantics: non-conversive passives (both dynamic and static), active intransitive processes, reflexives, reciprocals, potentials, deponents, etc. Thus, the problem with these paradigms is that it is difficult to predict the meaning from the form and, to such an extent, traditional terms Active and Passive actually have a conventional character. This paper suggests a cognitive model based on certain semantic features that define the choice of either the passive or the active formal paradigms for grammatical representations of so-called medial verbs. The process of choice is organized as an algorithm with four stages of implicational rules and mirrors the hierarchically organized optimal dynamic process of linguistic structuring of an active~passive continuum.

Keywords

Georgian Active~passive opposition Medial verbs Continuum of active~passive opposition Algorithmic rules in grammar

Introduction: Posing the Problems

Two different paradigms establishing the formal opposition between verb forms are clearly distinguished in Georgian. The main morphosyntactic features that define the formal opposition and establish the paradigms can be summarized as in Table below.

Table 1.

Morphosyntactic Features of Formal Paradigms

	Features	I-Paradigm	II-Paradigm
	Vowel prefixes	i - , e -, - d,
	A- arg .3. sg suffix (in Present)	- s	- a
	A- arg .3. pl suffix (in Aorist)	- es	- nen
	Present tense marker	-	- i
	Thematic marker (in I-series TAM formsa)	- eb -, - ob -, - op -, - av -, - am -, - i -, --;	- eb -
	Imperfective marker	- d - , ( - od - )	- od -
	A- arg s case	nom (in I-series) erg (in II-series) dat (in III-series)	nom
	B- arg s case	dat (in I-series) nom (in I- and II-series)	dat
	C- arg s case	dat	dat

aThere are 11 different verb forms expressing various combinations of Tense/Mood/Aspect (TAM) categories. According to Georgian grammarians, they are called mtskrivi . Based on morphosyntactic features the screeves are grouped and organized into three series. I-series includes: Present Indicative, Imperfect, Present Subjunctive, Future Indicative, Conditional; Future Subjunctive; II-series consists of: Aorist Indicative and Optative; and III-series comprises: Perfect, Pluperfect, and Perfect Subjunctive [].

Georgian grammarians interpret A-, B-, C-arguments correspondingly as S, DO and IO functions.

However, there are a lot of problems in this respect, both from formal and from semantic-functional points of view []; all the features taken together obviously distinguish an opposition between the active and the passive constructions, although none of them, taken independently, can be regarded as a simple marker. The following examples illustrate this.

1. The main function of - s and - a suffixes is to mark s .3. sg . Once this function is identified, examples can be found in various verb forms. For example, - s expresses S.3.SG

• in the subjunctive mood of passive verb forms:
  i ( pass )- xat (paint)- eb ( thm )- od ( imp )- e ( subj )- s ( s .3. sg ) it would be painted,
  i ( cv )- dg (stand)- e ( subj )- s ( s .3. sg ) it would stand
• in some static verbs:
  zi (sit. prs )- s ( s .3. sg ) s/he sits
• in intransitive-active verbs:
  cxovr (live)- ob ( thm )- s ( s .3. sg ) s/he lives
  pikr (think)- ob ( thm )- s ( s .3. sg ) s/he thinks

The suffix- a can be a marker of active verbs s .3. sg in past tenses as well (see examples (6-a), (7-a)).

1. The main function of - eb - is to mark out dynamic verb forms. In expressing this func-tion, - eb - also occurs with some active transitive verbs (see examples (2-a), (7-a)).
2. The vowel prefixes, too, are polyfunctional: In general, they represent derivational changes of verb valency either the increase or decrease of syntactically linked verb arguments []. For instance, - i - expresses such categories as, e.g.:

   • the subjective version:
     i ( sv ) - cer (write)- s ( s .3. sg ) s/he writes smth. for him/herself
     i ( sv )- en (build)- eb ( thm )- s ( s .3. sg ) s/he builds smth. for her/himself
   • the reflexive:
     i ( cv )- ban (wash)- s ( s .3. sg ) s/he takes a bath
     i ( cv )- pars (shave)- av ( thm )- s ( s .3. sg ) he has a shave,
   • potentials (see examples (10));
   • deponents (see examples (8));
   • the future tense of some intransitive-active verbs:
     [ i ( cv )- cxovr (live)- eb ( thm )]: fut - s ( s .3. sg ) s/he will live

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